{"id":4322,"date":"2021-01-19T23:29:29","date_gmt":"2021-01-19T23:29:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/climb-lutheran.org\/?p=4322"},"modified":"2021-01-21T22:14:16","modified_gmt":"2021-01-21T22:14:16","slug":"%e5%8d%8f%e5%90%8c%e4%b9%a6%ef%bc%9a%e8%b7%af%e5%be%b7%e5%ae%97%e5%9f%ba%e7%9d%a3%e6%95%99%e4%bf%a1%e6%9d%a1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/climb-lutheran.org\/?p=4322","title":{"rendered":"\u534f\u540c\u4e66\uff1a\u8def\u5fb7\u5b97\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u6761"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/climb-lutheran.org\/?p=127\">Latin \u62c9\u4e01\u6587<\/a>|<a href=\"https:\/\/climb-lutheran.org\/?p=76\">Deutsch\/Germany \u5fb7\u6587<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/climb-lutheran.org\/?p=4322\">\u7b80\u4f53\u4e2d\u6587\/Simplified Chinese<\/a>|<a href=\"https:\/\/climb-lutheran.org\/?p=4326\">\u7e41\u4f53\u4e2d\u6587\/Traditional Chinese<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n<a href=\"https:\/\/climb-lutheran.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/\u534f\u540c\u4e66-\u674e\u5929\u5fb7-\u8bd1-2021\u4e3b\u663e\u8282\u4fee\u8ba2\u7248-\u5370\u5237\u6a21\u677f-\u5e26\u5c01\u9762.pdf\" class=\"pdfemb-viewer\" style=\"\" data-width=\"max\" data-height=\"max\"  data-toolbar=\"bottom\" data-toolbar-fixed=\"off\">\u534f\u540c\u4e66-\u674e\u5929\u5fb7-\u8bd1-2021\u4e3b\u663e\u8282\u4fee\u8ba2\u7248-\u5370\u5237\u6a21\u677f-\u5e26\u5c01\u9762<br\/><\/a>\n<p class=\"wp-block-pdfemb-pdf-embedder-viewer\"><\/p>\n\n\n<p>\u4e3b\u663e\u8282\u4fee\u8ba2\u7248\uff082021\u5e74\uff09|\u7f16\u8f91\uff1a<a href=\"mailto:lutheranchina@gmail.com\">\u5218\u5bcc\u6d9b<\/a>|\u00a9<a href=\"mailto:lutheranchina@gmail.com\">\u8def\u5fb7\u5b97\u7ffb\u8bd1\u793e<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u5f15\u7528\u8303\u5f0f\uff1a<br>\u300a\u534f\u540c\u4e66\uff1a\u8def\u5fb7\u5b97\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u6761\u300b\uff08\u674e\u5929\u5fb7\u8bd1\uff0c\u6cb3\u5357\u5f00\u5c01\uff1a\u8def\u5fb7\u5b97\u7ffb\u8bd1\u793e\uff0c2021\uff09<br>\u7b80\u79f0\uff1a\u300a\u534f\u540c\u4e66\u300b<br>\u62ec\u53f7\u5185\u5f15\u7528\uff1a\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\uff08\u8fa9\u62a4\u8bba\uff0cIV, 48\uff09 \u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u4fe1\u6761\u6587\u7ae0\u540d\u5b57(\u53ef\u7b80\u5199)\uff0c\u7b2c\u51e0\u6761\u6b3e\uff0c\u7b2c\u51e0\u8282\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4fe1\u6761\u6587\u7ae0\u540d\u5b57\u7b80\u5199\uff1a(<a href=\"#\u76ee\u5f55\">\u534f\u540c\u4e66\u76ee\u5f55<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#1\">\u534f\u540c\u4e66\u2014\u534f\uff1a\u4e09\u5927\u4fe1\u7ecf<\/a><br><a href=\"#2\">\u5965\u65af\u5821\u4fe1\u6761\u2014\u5965<\/a> <br><a href=\"#3\">\u5965\u65af\u5821\u4fe1\u6761\u8fa9\u62a4\u8bba\u2014\u8fa9<\/a> <br><a href=\"#4\">\u65bd\u9a6c\u52a0\u767b\u4fe1\u6761\u2014\u65bd<\/a> <br><a href=\"#5\">\u8bba\u6559\u7687\u6743\u4e0e\u9996\u4f4d\u2014\u6559<\/a><br><a href=\"#6\">\u8def\u5fb7\u535a\u58eb\u5c0f\u95ee\u7b54\u2014\u5c0f<\/a><br><a href=\"#7\">\u8def\u5fb7\u535a\u58eb\u5927\u95ee\u7b54\u2014\u5927<\/a> <br><a href=\"#8\">\u534f\u540c\u5f0f\u7b80\u5f0f\u2014\u7b80<\/a><br><a href=\"#9\">\u534f\u540c\u5f0f\u5168\u6587\u2014\u5168<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u4fee\u8ba2\u7248\u80cc\u666f\uff1a<br>\u7f16\u8005\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e4b\u524d\uff082020\u5e74\u5723\u8bde\u8282\uff09\u6574\u7406\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u7535\u5b50\u6863\uff0c\u518d\u6b21\u4ed4\u7ec6\u9605\u8bfb\u4e00\u904d\uff0c\u6709\u9047\u5230\u6666\u6da9\u96be\u61c2\u6216\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u5c31\u5bf9\u7167\u4e24\u4e2a\u82f1\u6587\u7248\u6821\u5bf9\u548c\u91cd\u65b0\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff0c\u5c0f\u8282\u53f7\u7801\u4e5f\u8c03\u6574\u5230\u53e5\u9996\u4e14\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5927\u81f4\u4e0e\u82f1\u6587\u7248\u76f8\u540c\u4ee5\u65b9\u4fbf\u7d22\u5f15\u5bf9\u7167\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u7cbe\u529b\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u60f3\u5fc5\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u9700\u8981\u4fee\u8ba2\u6da6\u8272\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u4f46\u7f16\u8005\u6709\u4fe1\u5fc3\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u7535\u5b50\u7248\u503c\u5f97\u5370\u5237\u51fa\u6765\u9605\u8bfb\uff0c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u4fee\u8ba2\u5de5\u4f5c\u5c11\u4e0d\u4e86\u8bfb\u8005\u7684\u53cd\u9988\uff0c\u52b3\u70e6\u5404\u4f4d\u8bfb\u5230\u4e0d\u901a\u987a\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u9700\u7279\u522b\u7559\u610f\uff0c\u6b22\u8fce\u7535\u90ae\u6765\u63d0\u4f9b\u5e2e\u52a9\uff01<\/p>\n<p>\u82f1\u6587\u7248\u53c2\u7167\u4e86\u8bd1\u8005\u539f\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7248\u672c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u82f1\u6587\u4fee\u8ba2\u7248\uff0c\u51fa\u7248\u4fe1\u606f\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<br>Theodore G. Tappert, ed., The Book of Concord the Confessions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. (Philadelphia: M\u00fchlenberg Press, 1959)<\/p>\n<p>Robert Kolb, Timothy J. Wengert, and Charles P. Arand, The Book of Concord: The Confessions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2000)<\/p>\n<p>\u539f\u7a3f\uff1a<br>\u4e2d\u534e\u798f\u97f3\u9053\u8def\u5fb7\u4f1a\u4fe1\u6761<br>\u534f \u540c \u4e66<br>\u674e\u5929\u5fb7\u7267\u5e08\u8bd1<\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u51e1\u5728\u4eba\u9762\u524d\u8ba4\u6211\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u5728\u6211\u5929\u4e0a\u7684\u7236\u9762\u524d\uff0c\u4e5f\u5fc5\u8ba4\u4ed6\u3002\u201d\u592a\u5341\u7ae0\u4e09\u5341\u4e8c\u8282<\/p>\n<p>\u7eaa\u5ff5<br>\u674e\u5929\u5fb7\u535a\u58eb 1889\u20141971<br>\u7eaa\u5ff5\u7248\uff08\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7248\uff09<br>\u590d\u6d3b\u8282\uff081973\u5e744\u670822\u65e5\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u9e23\u8c22\uff1a<br>\u611f\u8c22\u5317\u52a0\u5ddeFreeman Li\u7267\u5e08\u63d0\u4f9b\u539f\u7248\u73cd\u85cf\u4e66\u7c4d\uff01<br>\u611f\u8c22\u5357\u52a0\u5dde\u5723\u4e09\u4e00\u8def\u5fb7\u4f1aHoly Trinity Lutheran Church\uff08LCMS\u5bc6\u82cf\u91cc\u8def\u5fb7\u4f1a\u603b\u4f1a\uff09\u5bf9\u7f16\u8005\u5b66\u4e1a\uff0c\u751f\u6d3b\u53ca\u5ba3\u6559\u4e8b\u5de5\u7684\u5168\u529b\u652f\u6301\uff01\u6ca1\u6709\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u4f9b\u5e94\uff0c\u6b64\u9879\u76ee\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5f00\u5c55\uff01<br>\u611f\u8c22\u5bc6\u82cf\u91cc\u8def\u5fb7\u4f1a\u8d74\u4e2d\u56fd\u53f0\u6e7e\u5ba3\u6559\u58ebMichael Paul\u767d\u9708\u5fb7\u535a\u58eb\u63d0\u4f9b\u7248\u6743\u5efa\u8bae\u53ca\u5173\u4e8e\u674e\u5929\u5fb7\u7267\u5e08\u7684\u4e9b\u8bb8\u8d44\u6599\uff08\u89c1\u4e8e\u767d\u7267\u5e08\u535a\u5ba2http:\/\/baimushi.blogspot.com\/\uff09:<\/p>\n<p>\u201cErhardt Riedel\uff0c\u4e2d\u6587\u540d\u5b57\u4e3a\u674e\u5929\u5fb7 \u3002\u674e\u7267\u5e08\u662f\u51fa\u751f\u4e8e1889\u5e74\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f0a\u5229\u8bfa\u5dde \u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u7f8e \u56fd\u8def\u5fb7\u4f1a (LCMS) \u6309\u7267\u4e4b\u540e\u4ece 1916\u81f3 1927\u5e74\u548c\u4ece1930\u81f31941\u5e74\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5f53\u5ba3\u6559\u58eb \u3002\u4ed6\u4e4b\u540e\u4ece1956\u81f31971\u5e74\u5728\u53f0\u6e7e\u4e5f\u5f53\u5ba3\u6559\u58eb \u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\uff08\u7f16\u8005\u6309\uff1a\u5927\u9646\uff09\u548c\u53f0\u6e7e\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4f5c\u795e\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u8001\u5e08 \u3002\u4ed6\u662f1971\u5e74\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u53bb\u4e16\u7684\u3002\u674e\u7267\u5e08\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5f88\u591a\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u795e\u5b66\u4e66 \uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u662f\u4ece\u82f1\u6587\u7ffb\u7684 \uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u662f\u4ece\u5fb7\u6587\u7ffb\u6210\u4e2d\u6587\u7684 \u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e66\u5305\u62ec : \u534f\u540c\u4e66\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6559\u4e49 (\u7c73\u52d2\u5c14 (J. T. Mueller)\u8457)\uff0c\u65b0\u7ea6\u5165\u95e8 (\u5085\u70b3\u5c14 (Ludwig Fuerbringer) \u8457)\uff0c\u8499\u6069\u79f0\u4e49 (\u6d66\u6765\u58eb (Edward Preuss) \u8457)\uff0c\u5723\u4e8b\u4eea\u5f0f\u7b49\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u5f15\u7528\u8bf7\u6ce8\u660e\u51fa\u5904\uff0c\u7eaa\u5ff5\u674e\u5929\u5fb7Erhardt Riedel\u7267\u5e0810\u5e74\u7684\u8f9b\u52b3\u8bd1\u4f5c<br>\uff0870-80\u5c81\u6301\u7eed\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff0c\u8131\u7a3f\u540e2\u5e74\u5373\u5b89\u606f\u4e3b\u6000\uff01\uff09<br>\u5893\u7891\u4f4d\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u52a0\u5dde\u6a59\u53bfSanta Ana Cemetery, Orange County, California, USA<br>(\u5893\u7891\u7f16\u7801:6697380)<\/p>\n<p>\u7f16\u8005\u4e5f\u6709\u5e78\u5230\u8bbf\u674e\u5929\u5fb7\u7267\u5e08\u7684\u5893\u5730\uff0c\u7f51\u7edc\u4e0a\u627e\u89c1\u66f4\u591a\u4fe1\u606f\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<br>\u201c\u674e\u5929\u5fb7\u7267\u5e08\uff0c1916\u5e74\u52301927\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u505a\u5ba3\u6559\u58eb\uff0c\u4e0eEdward Louis Arndt\u540c\u5de5\uff1b1930-1937\u5e74\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c49\u53e3\u7684\u534f\u540c\u795e\u5b66\u9662\u505a\u6559\u6388\uff1b1939-1941\u5e74\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u6b66\u6c49\u7684\u534f\u540c\u795e\u5b66\u9662\u670d\u4f8d\u30021956-1963\u5e74\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u53f0\u6e7e\u5609\u4e49\u7684\u795e\u5b66\u9662\u6559\u4e66\uff1b\u4ed6\u57281936-1937\u5e74\u95f4\u505a\u4e2d\u6587\u300a\u8def\u5fb7\u5b97\u89c1\u8bc1\u300b\u6742\u5fd7\u7684\u7f16\u8f91\u3002\u4ed6\u7ffb\u8bd1\u8fc7\u7a46\u52d2\u7684 \u300a\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6559\u4e49\u300b\u548cTappert\u7248\u7684 \u300a\u534f\u540c\u4e66\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u4e24\u4f4d\u59bb\u5b50\u90fd\u57cb\u5728\u674e\u5929\u5fb7\u7267\u5e08\u65c1\u8fb9\u3002<br>Carmelia\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efb\u59bb\u5b50\uff081948\u5e74\u53bb\u4e16\uff09\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4efb\u59bb\u5b50\u53ebFrieda \uff081984\u5e74\u53bb\u4e16\uff09; \u674e\u7267\u5e08\u6709\u516b\u4f4d\u5b50\u5973\uff1aDorothea, Paul, John, Marie, Gerhard, Joseph, Theodore and Herbert.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u4e66\u7f16\u8005\u63a8\u4ecb\uff1a<br>\u56db\u5341\u591a\u4e07\u5b57\u7684\u795e\u5b66\u4e66\u7c4d\u9002\u5408\u8c01\u6765\u8bfb\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u672a\u4fe1\u4e3b\u7684\u4eba\uff1a\u82e5\u60a8\u662f\u53d7\u8fc7\u6559\u80b2\u6709\u5b66\u95ee\u7684\uff0c\u53ef\u4ece\u5176\u4e2d\u9886\u7565\u54f2\u5b66\u9053\u5fb7\u5bf9\u4eba\u54c1\u8d28\u7075\u547d\u63d0\u5347\u7684\u65e0\u7528\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u85c9\u7740\u798f\u97f3\u548c\u5723\u7075\u7684\u5927\u80fd\u624d\u53ef\u6210\u5723\uff0c\u5bf9\u4ed8\u4e00\u5207\u7f6a\u6076\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u521a\u4fe1\u4e3b\u7684\u4eba\uff1a\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u85c9\u7740\u8def\u5fb7\u5c0f\u95ee\u7b54\u5165\u95e8\uff0c\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u57fa\u672c\u6559\u4e49\u4e0a\u4e0d\u65ad\u957f\u8fdb\uff0c\u624e\u6839\u57fa\u7763\u548c\u7942\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u6069\u5178\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u513f\u7ae5\uff1a\u6216\u8bb8\u60a8\u9700\u8981\u7236\u6bcd\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\uff0c\u9ed8\u60f3\u5c0f\u95ee\u7b54\uff0c\u5373\u57fa\u7763\u4fe1\u4ef0\u57fa\u672c\u8981\u9053\u3002\u80fd\u80cc\u8bf5\u66f4\u597d\uff0c\u4e0d\u8981\u61d2\u60f0\uff0c\u4e0d\u8981\u6ee5\u7528\u6069\u5178\u6069\u8d50\uff0c\u795e\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\u6bd4\u91d1\u5b50\u66f4\u5b9d\u8d35\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f60\u6240\u53d7\u7684\u793c\u7269\u662f\u6c38\u6052\u7684\uff0c\u8bdd\u8bed\uff0c\u6d17\u793c\uff0c\u5723\u9910\u90fd\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f60\u6c38\u6052\u751f\u547d\u800c\u8d50\u4e0b\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7acb\u5fd7\u4f20\u9053\u8005\uff1a\u60a8\u6216\u8bb8\u4e5f\u6709\u8def\u5fb7\u540c\u6837\u7684\u6323\u624e\uff0c\u4f55\u4e3a\u7eaf\u6b63\u7684\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u6240\u4f20\u7684\u9053\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5ba1\u5224\u53f0\u524d\u7ad9\u7acb\u5f97\u4f4f\u3002\u5f53\u4e0b\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4f1a\u8fd9\u4e48\u591a\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5b97\u6d3e\u548c\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u751a\u6216\u201c\u552f\u72ec\u5723\u7ecf\uff0c\u6392\u65a5\u5b97\u6d3e\u8ba4\u4fe1\uff0c\u201d\u6216\u201c\u4efb\u610f\u800c\u4e3a\uff0c\u81ea\u7acb\u95e8\u6237\u3002\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7ed9\u4f20\u9053\u8005\u7684\u6311\u6218\u5e76\u4e0d\u6bd4\u6539\u6559\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u8f7b\u7701\uff0c\u6216\u8bb8\u6539\u6559\u5bb6\u7684\u5c5e\u7075\u9057\u4ea7\u548c\u634d\u536b\u771f\u7406\u7684\u6597\u5fd7\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e9b\u601d\u8def\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u6478\u7740\u77f3\u5934\u8fc7\u6cb3\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u6709\u8e2a\u53ef\u5faa\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6539\u9769\u5b97\u7267\u8005\uff1a\u7f16\u8005\u672c\u4eba\u66fe\u6709\u4e00\u70b9\u6539\u9769\u5b97\u6559\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u5f8b\u6cd5\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u8981\u4e0d\u5f97\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u53cc\u91cd\u9884\u5b9a\u8bba\u7684\u7d27\u7b8d\u5492\u4e0b\uff0c\u4fe1\u5f92\u7684\u7075\u9b42\u6beb\u65e0\u7f1a\u9e21\u4e4b\u529b\uff0c\u5982\u5f85\u5bb0\u7684\u7f94\u7f8a\u88ab\u5c60\u6740\uff1b\u672c\u4e66\u80fd\u591f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e9b\u6539\u9769\u5b97\u7267\u517b\u548c\u6559\u4e49\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\uff0c\u7eb5\u4f7f\u4e0d\u8ba4\u540c\u8def\u5fb7\u5b97\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u8ba4\u4fe1\uff0c\u4f46\u503c\u5f97\u60a8\u601d\u60f3\u63a2\u8ba8\uff0c\u4ee5\u514d\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4fe1\u5f92\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u627e\u522b\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u89e3\u6551\u51fa\u8def\uff0c\u6216\u201c\u4e0d\u4fe1\u7b97\u4e86\u201d\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u770b\u987e\u7075\u9b42\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u8f96\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6539\u9769\u5b97\u4fe1\u5f92\uff1a\u5982\u4ee5\u4e0a\u6240\u8a00\uff0c\u82e5\u60a8\u7684\u826f\u5fc3\u65e0\u6cd5\u5728\u4e13\u6ce8\u81ea\u5df1\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ee5\u6c42\u9a8c\u8bc1\u5f97\u6551\u771f\u4fe1\u5fc3\u7684\u7a98\u5883\u4e2d\u89e3\u8131\u548c\u91ca\u6000\uff0c\u6b64\u4e66\u7edd\u5bf9\u662f\u4e00\u5242\u826f\u836f\uff0c\u53ef\u7528\u72ed\u4e49\u7684\u798f\u97f3\u5b89\u6170\u81ea\u5df1\u53d7\u60ca\u5413\u65e0\u6cd5\u82cf\u9192\u7684\u7075\u9b42\uff0c\u5e76\u85c9\u7740\u4e3b\u7977\u6587\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5e94\u8bb8\u548c\u8d66\u7f6a\u5e73\u5b89\u4e2d\u91ca\u6000\uff1b\u60a8\u6216\u8bb8\u53d1\u73b0\u4fe1\u4e3b\u4e86\u600e\u4e48\u4f1a\u66f4\u6291\u90c1\uff1f\u7684\u786e\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5723\u9053\u548c\u5723\u7075\u4e00\u8d77\u4f5c\u5de5\uff0c\u628a\u66fe\u7ecf\u770b\u4e0d\u89c1\u7684\u8d8a\u53d1\u7ed9\u663e\u660e\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u8fd8\u53ea\u662f\u5176\u526f\u4e1a\uff0c\u989d\u5916\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5723\u7ecf\u548c\u5723\u7075\u7684\u6b63\u5f53\u5de5\u4f5c\u5374\u662f\u63d0\u4f9b\u6069\u5178\u548c\u5b89\u6170\uff0c\u8d66\u7f6a\u548c\u826f\u5fc3\u5e73\u5b89\u3002\u82e5\u60a8\u5fc3\u6001\u5e73\u5766\u6beb\u65e0\u6ce2\u6f9c\uff0c\u751a\u6216\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u5584\u884c\u4e2d\u6ee1\u6709\u4fe1\u5fc3\u611f\u8c22\u4e3b\u6069\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6216\u8bb8\u73b0\u5728\u8bfb\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u8fd8\u4e0d\u592a\u9002\u5408\uff0c\u7ee7\u7eed\u51ed\u4fe1\u884c\u5584\u5427\uff0c\u8fd9\u672c\u662f\u795e\u5728\u8036\u7a23\u57fa\u7763\u91cc\u9884\u5907\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7075\u6069\u6d3e\u4fe1\u5f92\uff1a\u7075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Evangelical Church\u88ab\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u798f\u97f3\u9053\u8def\u5fb7\u4f1a\u201d\u3002\u6b64\u4e66\u6709\u7684\u8bfb\uff0c\u770b\u798f\u97f3\u6d3eEvangelical\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u591a\u5c11\u6b21\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8def\u5fb7\u5b97\u4eba\u58eb\uff1a\u534f\u540c\u4e66\u7684\u786e\u5177\u6709\u5f88\u5f3a\u7684\u5730\u57df\u6027\uff08\u5fb7\u56fd\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\uff09\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u5c40\u9650\u6027\uff08\u795e\u5b66\u4e89\u8fa9\u80cc\u666f\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u53c8\u4f55\u59a8\u795e\u5b66\u6559\u4e49\u6c38\u6052\u6027\u7684\u4f20\u627f\u548c\u89c1\u8bc1\u5462\uff1f\u597d\u597d\u5b66\u4e60\u5b83\uff0c\u6bd5\u7adf\uff0c\u8036\u7a23\u57fa\u7763\u548c\u7942\u7684\u751f\u5e73\u4e5f\u662f\u5177\u6709\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u7279\u8272\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u4f1a\u5426\u5b9a\u8036\u7a23\u57fa\u7763\u662f\u7ed9\u5168\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u3002\u82e5\u6beb\u65e0\u7f9e\u803b\u4e14\u4e50\u610f\u80cc\u8d1f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8def\u5fb7\u5b97\u57fa\u7763\u5f92Lutheran\u540d\u5b57\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u52e4\u8bfb\u601d\u8fa8\u4fe1\u6761\u96c6\u5408\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e3a\u7b26\u5408\u5723\u9053\u6559\u8bad\u624d\u4e3a\u5999\uff0c\u83ab\u8981\u52a0\u5165\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u79c1\u8d27\u5728\u5176\u540d\u4e0b\u3002\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u8def\u5fb7\u5b97\uff1f\u5176\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u6559\u8bad\u5927\u5bb6\u8981\u505a\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u800c\u5df2\uff0c\u522b\u65e0\u5176\u4ed6\u610f\u56fe\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u7eaf\u6b63\u7684\u6559\u4e49\u4e0d\u80fd\u4fdd\u8bc1\u5723\u6d01\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u6559\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u672a\u66fe\u5e94\u8bb8\u4f60\u6211\u4eca\u751f\u5b8c\u5168\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u8d66\u7f6a\u6069\u5178\uff0c\u4e0d\u4fe1\u53ef\u4ee5\u91cd\u590d\u8bf5\u8bfb\u4e3b\u7977\u6587\uff08\u514d\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u503a\u2026\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u6216\u8bb8\u6070\u6070\u662f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u52a0\u5165\u8def\u5fb7\u5b97\u7684\u7f18\u7531\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u613f\u534f\u540c\u4e66\u4e0d\u662f\u60a8\u7684\u7ec8\u70b9\uff0c\u6216\u8bb8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u4e4b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u9996\u5e06\u8239\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u5f9c\u5f89\u5728\u5723\u7ecf\u8fd9\u672c\u5145\u6ee1\u795e\u6027\u548c\u4eba\u6027\uff0c\u4e14\u662f\u6700\u4e3a\u4f18\u7f8e\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e66\u5377\u5f53\u4e2d\uff1b\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u534f\u540c\u4e66\u5904\u5904\u5f15\u7528\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6559\u4f1a\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\u6559\u7236\u4eec\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u5177\u6709\u5927\u516c\u6027Catholic\uff0c\u6216\u8bb8\u80fd\u591f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e9b\u5f53\u4eca\u6559\u4f1a\u5408\u4e00\u7684\u601d\u8def\uff1b\u8fd8\u6709\u4e0d\u8981\u5fd8\u4e86\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u6700\u7ec8\u662f\u8981\u56de\u5230\u8036\u7a23\u8fd9\u4e2a\u795e\u4eba\u91cc\u9762\uff0c\u7942\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u6551\u4e16\u4e3b\uff0c\u7942\u7231\u4f60\uff0c\u4e3a\u4f60\u6b7b\u53bb\u6d3b\u6765\u3002\u4e16\u4e0a\u4e66\u5377\u592a\u591a\uff0c\u4f46\u82e5\u662f\u5fe0\u5b9e\u89c1\u8bc1\u8036\u7a23\u57fa\u7763\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f60\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u627e\u65f6\u95f4\u8bfb\u4e00\u8bfb\u5427\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5218\u5bcc\u6d9b<\/p>\n<p>\u6d1b\u6749\u77f6<br>2021\u5e741\u670819\u65e5\u661f\u671f\u4e8c<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"\u76ee\u5f55\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u5185\u5bb9<\/p>\n<p>\u534f\u540c\u4e66\u5e8f\u6587\uff081580\u5e74\uff09<br>I. \u4e09\u6761\u9996\u8981\u4fe1\u7ecf<br>II. \u5965\u65af\u5821\u4fe1\u6761\uff081530\u5e74\uff09<br>III. \u5965\u65af\u5821\u4fe1\u6761\u4e4b\u8fa9\u62a4\u8bba\uff081531\u5e74\uff09<br>IV. \u65bd\u9a6c\u52a0\u767b\u6761\u6b3e\uff081537\u5e74\uff09<br>V. \u8bba\u6559\u7687\u6743\u4e0e\u9996\u4f4d\uff081537\u5e74\uff09<br>VI. \u8def\u5fb7\u535a\u58eb\u5c0f\u95ee\u7b54\uff081529\u5e74\uff09<br>VII. \u8def\u5fb7\u535a\u58eb\u5927\u95ee\u7b54\uff081529\u5e74\uff09<br>VIII. \u534f\u540c\u5f0f\uff081577\u5e74\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u8bd1\u8005\u5e8f<\/p>\n<p>\u534f\u540c\u4e66\u5e8f\u6587<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u58f9 \u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4e09\u6761\u9996\u8981\u4fe1\u7ecf<br>\u5f15\u8a00<br>\u4f7f\u5f92\u4fe1\u7ecf<br>\u5c3c\u897f\u4e9a\u4fe1\u7ecf<br>\u4e9a\u4ed6\u90a3\u4fee\u4fe1\u7ecf<\/p>\n<p>\u8d30 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\u8bba\u5723\u793c\u4e4b\u6570\u76ee\u4e0e\u4f7f\u7528<br>14 \u8bba\u6559\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6<\/p>\n<p>15 \u8bba\u6559\u4f1a\u5185\u5c5e\u4eba\u4e4b\u4f20\u7edf<br>16 \u8bba\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\uff08\u8bba\u4fe1\u5f92\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff09<br>17 \u8bba\u57fa\u7763\u590d\u4e34\u65bd\u884c\u5ba1\u5224<br>18 \u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7<br>19 \u8bba\u72af\u7f6a\u7684\u6210\u56e0<br>20 \u8bba\u5584\u884c<br>21 \u8bba\u7948\u6c42\u5723\u5f92<br>22 \u4e3b\u7684\u665a\u9910\u4f7f\u7528\u997c\u9152\u4e24\u79cd\u539f\u8d28<br>23 \u8bba\u795e\u7236\u7684\u5a5a\u59fb<br>24 \u8bba\u5f25\u6492\uff08\u793c\u62dc\u9644\u5723\u9910\u793c\uff09<br>\u732e\u796d\u3001\u5176\u6027\u8d28\u4e0e\u7c7b\u578b<br>\u6559\u7236\u8bba\u732e\u796d\u7684\u6559\u8bad<br>\u732e\u796d\u4e0e\u5723\u793c\u4e4b\u4f7f\u7528<br>\u201c\u5f25\u6492\u201d\u540d\u8bcd<br>\u4e3a\u6b7b\u4eba\u7684\u5f25\u6492<\/p>\n<p>27 \u8bba\u4fee\u9053\u9662\u4e4b\u8bb8\u613f<br>28 \u8bba\u6559\u4f1a\u6743\u67c4<\/p>\n<p>\u8086 \u65bd\u52a0\u9a6c\u767b\u4fe1\u6761<br>\u5f15\u8a00<br>\u9a6c\u4e01\u8def\u5fb7\u535a\u58eb\u5e8f<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206<br>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206<br>1 \u8bba\u57fa\u7763\u4e0e\u4fe1\u4ef0<br>2 \u8bba\u5f25\u6492<br>\u7948\u6c42\u5723\u5f92<\/p>\n<p>3 \u8bba\u5949\u517b\u5bfa\u4e0e\u4fee\u9053\u9662<br>4 \u8bba\u6559\u7687\u5236<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e09\u90e8\u5206<br>1 \u8bba\u7f6a<br>2 \u8bba\u5f8b\u6cd5<br>3 \u8bba\u6094\u6539<br>\u8bba\u6559\u7687\u6d3e\u865a\u5047\u7684\u6094\u6539<\/p>\n<p>4 \u8bba\u798f\u97f3<br>5 \u8bba\u6d17\u793c<br>6 \u8bba\u575b\u4e0a\u5723\u793c\uff08\u5723\u9910\u793c\uff09<br>7 \u8bba\u94a5\u5319\u804c<br>8 \u8bba\u79c1\u8ba4\u7f6a\u793c<br>9 \u8bba\u9010\u51fa\u6559\u4f1a<br>10 \u8bba\u6388\u804c\u548c\u53ec\u8bf7<br>11 \u8bba\u795e\u7236\u7ed3\u5a5a<br>12 \u8bba\u6559\u4f1a<br>13 \u8bba\u4eba\u600e\u6837\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9762\u524d\u79f0\u4e3a\u4e49\u5e76\u8bba\u5176\u5584\u5de5<br>14 \u8bba\u4fee\u9053\u8a93\u613f<br>15 \u8bba\u4eba\u7684\u4f20\u7edf<\/p>\n<p>\u4f0d \u8bba\u6559\u7687\u6743\u4e0e\u9996\u4f4d<br>\u5f15\u8a00<br>\u8bba\u6559\u7687\u6743\u4e0e\u9996\u4f4d<br>\u5723\u7ecf\u8bc1\u8a00<br>\u7531\u5386\u53f2\u8bc1\u660e<br>\u9a73\u5012\u5bf9\u654c\u4e4b\u8fa9\u8bba<br>\u654c\u57fa\u7763\u8005\u4e4b\u8bb0\u53f7<br>\u8bba\u4e3b\u6559\u4e4b\u6743\u67c4\u53ca\u88c1\u5224\u6743<br>\u4e3b\u540e1537\u5e74\u4e3a\u5965\u65af\u5821\u4fe1\u6761\u4e0e\u8fa9\u62a4\u8bba\u7b7e\u7f72\u4e4b\u535a\u58eb\u53ca\u4f20\u9053\u4eba\u540d\u8868<\/p>\n<p>\u9646 \u9a6c\u4e01\u8def\u5fb7\u535a\u58eb\u5c0f\u95ee\u7b54<br>\u5f15\u8a00<br>\u5e8f\u6587<br>I. \u5341\u6761\u8beb<br>II. \u4fe1\u7ecf<br>III. \u4e3b\u7977\u6587<br>IV. \u5723\u6d17\u793c<br>V. \u94a5\u5319\u804c (\u9644\u79c1\u8ba4\u7f6a\u793c)<br>VI. \u5723\u9910\u793c<br>VII. \u5bb6\u957f\u5f53\u600e\u6837\u6559\u8bad\u4ed6\u7684\u5bb6\u5c5e\u65e9\u665a\u7977\u544a<br>VIII. \u5bb6\u957f\u5f53\u600e\u6837\u6559\u8bad\u4ed6\u7684\u5bb6\u5c5e\u5728\u996d\u524d\u6c42\u798f\u996d\u540e\u8c22\u6069<br>IX. \u4fe1\u5f92\u8bad\u6761<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"7\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u67d2 \u9a6c\u4e01\u8def\u5fb7\u535a\u58eb\u5927\u95ee\u7b54<\/p>\n<p>\u5f15\u8a00<br>\u9a6c\u4e01\u8def\u5fb7\u957f\u5e8f\u8a00<br>\u77ed\u5e8f\u8a00<\/p>\n<p>I. \u4e0a\u5e1d\u5341\u6761\u8beb<br>II. \u4f7f\u5f92\u4fe1\u7ecf<br>III. \u57fa\u7763\u4eb2\u81ea\u6559\u5bfc\u4e4b\u7977\u6587\uff08\u4e3b\u7977\u6587\uff09<br>IV. \u8bba\u5723\u6d17\u793c<br>V. \u8bba\u575b\u4e0a\u5723\u793c\uff08\u5723\u9910\u793c\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u634c \u534f\u540c\u5f0f<br>\u5f15\u8a00<\/p>\n<p>\u6458\u8981\u548c\u5168\u6587\u8bba\u9898\u4e00\u81f4<\/p>\n<p>1 \u8bba\u539f\u7f6a<br>2 \u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7<br>3 \u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9762\u524d\u85c9\u4fe1\u79f0\u4e49<br>4 \u8bba\u5584\u884c<br>5 \u5f8b\u6cd5\u4e0e\u798f\u97f3<br>6 \u5f8b\u6cd5\u7b2c\u4e09\u79cd\u4f5c\u7528<br>7 \u8bba\u57fa\u7763\u5723\u665a\u9910<br>8 \u8bba\u57fa\u7763\u4e4b\u4f4d\u683c<br>9 \u8bba\u57fa\u7763\u4e0b\u5230\u5730\u72f1<br>10 \u8bba\u6559\u4f1a\u60ef\u4f8b\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u4e2d\u95f4\u7269\u6216\u65e0\u8db3\u8f7b\u91cd\u4e8b\u9879<br>11 \u8bba\u4e0a\u5e1d\u81ea\u6c38\u8fdc\u9884\u77e5\u548c\u62e3\u9009<br>12 \u8bba\u4e0d\u8d5e\u540c\u5965\u65af\u5821\u4fe1\u6761\u4e4b\u5176\u4ed6\u515a\u6d3e\u4e0e\u5c0f\u6559\u95e8<\/p>\n<p>\u8bd1\u8005\u5e8f<br>\u9664\u5723\u7ecf\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u5207\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u672c\u534f\u540c\u4e66\u6700\u4e3a\u73cd\u8d35\u6709\u76ca\u3002\u4f55\u6545\uff1f\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u4ed6\u53e4\u4eca\u5404\u4e66\u4ec5\u4ec5\u529d\u4eba\u884c\u5584\uff0c\u975e\u4e88\u4eba\u4ee5\u529b\u91cf\u884c\u5584\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u65e0\u975e\u5c3d\u662f\u5f8b\u6cd5\u4e4b\u8a00\uff0c\u672a\u66fe\u88ab\u4eba\u5b9e\u8df5\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5 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Erhardt Riedel<br>\u8bd1\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u53f0\u6e7e\u5609\u4e49<br>\u4e00\u4e5d\u516d\u4e5d\u5e74\u516d\u6708\u8131\u7a3f<\/p>\n<p>\u5e8f\u6587<br>\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6bcf\u4e00\u4f4d\u672c\u4e66\u4e4b\u9605\u8005\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u4ed6\u5730\u4f4d\u4e0e\u5c0a\u4e25\u7684\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u795e\u5723\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u9009\u4faf\uff0c\u738b\u5b50\uff0c\u4e0e\u541b\u4e3b\u5728\u4e0b\u9762\u7b7e\u5b57\uff0c\u8d21\u732e\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u5c3d\u7684\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u53cb\u8c0a\uff0c\u6069\u60e0\u7684\u795d\u8d3a\uff0c\u4eb2\u5207\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\uff0c\u53ca\u6211\u4eec\u6700\u606d\u656c\uff0c\u5351\u5fae\uff0c\u81ea\u613f\u7684\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u8c28\u6b64\u58f0\u660e\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u6b64\u77ed\u6682\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u672b\u671f\uff0c\u5168\u80fd\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4ee5\u7942\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u65e0\u5c3d\u7684\u4ec1\u7231\uff0c 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count Palatine on the Rhine, elector<br>\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u7279\uff0c\u6492\u514b\u68ee\u516c\u7235\uff0c\u9009\u4faf<br>August, duke of Saxony, elector<br>\u7ea6\u7ff0\u4f50\u6cbb\uff0c\u52c3\u5170\u767b\u5821\u7701\u4faf\u7235\uff0c\u9009\u4faf<br>John George, margrave of Brandenburg, elector<br>\u7ea6\u96c5\u656c\u8153\u5fb7\u529b\uff0c\u52c3\u5170\u767b\u5821\u7701\u4faf\u7235\uff0c\u9a6c\u5fb7\u5821\u5e02\u5927\u4e3b\u6559\u884c\u653f\u5b98<br>Joachim Frederick, margrave of Brandenburg,<br>administrator of the archdiocese of Magdeburg<br>\u7ea6\u7ff0\uff0c\u8fc8\u68ee\u5e02\u4e3b\u6559<br>John, bishop of Meissen<br>\u5384\u4f2f\u54c8\u5fb7\uff0c\u5f8b\u4f2f\u514b\u5e02\u4e3b\u6559\uff0c\u7ef4\u5c14\u6566\u5e02\u6559\u533a\u884c\u653f\u5b98<br>Eberhard, bishop of Lubeck, administrator of the diocese of Verden<br>\u8153\u529b\u8def\u6613\u65af\uff0c\u4f2f\u7235\u3014\u6cd5\u52d2\u6301\u65b0\u5821\u3015<br>Philip Louis, palsgrave\u3014of Pfalz-Neuburg\u3015<\/p>\n<p>\u8153\u5fb7\u529b\u5a01\u83b1\u516c\u7235\u3014\u6492\u514b\u8bbe-\u963f\u52d2\u987f\u5821\u3015\u53ca<br>\u7ea6\u7ff0\u516c\u7235\u3014\u6492\u514b\u8bbe-\u5a01\u9a6c\u5c14\u3015 \u7531\u76d1\u62a4\u4eba\u4ee3\u7b7e<br>Duke Frederick William of Saxe-<br>Altenbarg and Duke John of Saxe-Weimar<\/p>\n<p>\u7ea6\u7ff0\u514b\u897f\u5f25\u5c14\u516c\u7235\u3014\u642c\u514b\u8bbe-\u53ef\u5821\u3015\u53ca<br>\u7ea6\u7ff0\u5384\u5c14\u53f8\u7279\u516c\u7235\u3014\u64a4\u514b\u8bbe-\u57c3\u68ee\u90a3\u54c8\u3015\u7531\u76d1\u62a4\u4eba\u4ee3\u7b7e<br>Duke John Casimir of Saxe-Cobarg and<br>Duke John Ernest\u3014of Saxe-Eisenach\u3015 through their guardians<\/p>\n<p>\u4f50\u6cbb\u8153\u5fb7\u529b\uff0c\u52c3\u5170\u767b\u5821\u4faf\u7235\u3014\u5b89\u65af\u5df4\u8d6b-\u62dc\u83b1\u7279\u3015<br>George Frederick, margrave of Brandenburg f-Ansbach Bayreuth<br>\u72b9\u6d41\uff0c\u5e03\u4f26\u65af\u7ef4\u514b\u3014\u7a9d\u52d2\u82ac\u6bd4\u7279\u52d2\u3015\u548c\u5f8b\u5185\u5821\u516c\u7235<br>Julius, duke of Brunswick \u3014Wolfenbuttel\u3015and Luneburg<br>\u4fc4\u59a5\uff0c\u5e03\u4f26\u65af\u7ef4\u514b\u4e0e\u5f8b\u5185\u5821\u3014\u54c8\u5c14\u5821\u3015\u516c\u7235<br>Otto, duke of Brunswick and Luneburg\u3014Harburg\u3015<br>\u5c11\u5e74\u5a01\u5ec9\uff0c\u5e03\u4f26\u65af\u7ef4\u514b\u3014\u7a9d\u52d2\u82ac\u6bd4\u7279\u52d2\u3015\u4e0e\u5f8b\u5185\u5821\u516c\u7235<br>Henry the Younger, duke of Brunswick<br>[Wolfenbuttel] and Luneburg<br>\u5c11\u5e74\u5a01\u5ec9\uff0c\u5e03\u4f26\u65af\u7ef4\u514b\u548c\u5f8b\u5185\u5821\u3014\u6c49\u6b27\u975e\u5c14\u3015\u516c\u7235<br>William the Younger, duke of Brunswick and Lunebdrg\u3014Hanover\u3015<br>\u7a9d\u5c14\u5bcc\uff0c\u5e03\u4f26\u65af\u7ef4\u514b\u3014\u54e5\u672c\u54c8\u6839\u3015\u548c\u5f8b\u5185\u5821\u516c\u7235<br>Wolf duke of Brunswick (Grubenhagen and Luneburg)<br>\u4e4c\u5229\u8d6b\uff0c\u6885\u514b\u68f1\u5821\u3014\u9769\u65af\u7279\u7f57\u3015\u516c\u63a8<br>Ulrich duke of Mecklenburg\u3014Gustrow\u3015<\/p>\n<p>\u7ea6\u7ff0\u516c\u7235\u548c\u897f\u57fa\u601d\u95e8\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u7279\uff0c\u6885\u514b\u68f1\u5821\u3014\u5728\u4f0a\u975e\u5c14\u90a3\u514b\u3015\u516c\u7235<br>\u7531\u76d1\u62a4\u4eba\u7b7e\u5b57<br>\u8def\u6613\u65af\uff0c\u79b9\u5c14\u5451\u5821\u516c\u7235<br>Duke John and Duke Sigismund August of Mecklenburg<br>[in Ivernack] through their guardians<br>Louis duke of Wurttemberg<\/p>\n<p>\u5384\u5c3c\u65af\u7279\u4faf\u7235\u3014\u5df4\u767b-\u5ea6\u8033\u62c9\u8d6b\u3015\u548c<br>\u5df4\u767b\u3014\u54c8\u8d6b\u5c71\u3015\u65bd\u5404\u4faf\u7235 \u7531\u76d1\u62a4\u4eba\u7b7e\u540d<br>Margrave Ernest of Baden-Durlach and<br>Margrave James of Baden -Hachberg through their guardians<\/p>\n<p>\u4f50\u6cbb\u5c14\u5c3c\u65af\u7279\uff0c\u4ea8\u5185\u4f2f\u3014\u897f\u52d2\u65b0\u6069\u3015\u4f2f\u7235\u4e0e\u4e3b\u4eba<br>George Ernest, count and lord of Henneberg\u3014Schleusingen\u3015<br>\u8153\u5fb7\u529b\uff0c\u79b9\u5c14\u541e\u5821\u4e0e\u8499\u4f2f\u5229\u54c8\u4f2f\u7235<br>Frederick, count of Wurttemberg and Montbeliard<br>\u7ea6\u7ff0\u5747\u7279\u5c14\uff0c\u9ed1\u5821\u3014\u5b59\u5fb7\u597d\u751f\u3015\u4f2f\u7235<br>John Gunther, count of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen<br>\u5a01\u5ec9\uff0c\u9ed1\u5821\u3014\u4f5b\u5170\u80af\u8c6a\u751f\u3015\u4f2f\u7235<br>William, count of Schwarzburg -Frankenhausen<br>\u4e9a\u52d2\u4f2f\u7279\uff0c\u9ed1\u5821\u3014\u5982\u591a\u65af\u57ce\u3015\u4f2f\u7235<br>Albert, count of Schwarzburg\u3014Rudolstadt\u3015<br>\u5384\u7c73\u8d6b\uff0c\u83b1\u5b81\u6839\u4f2f\u7235<br>Emich, count of Leiningen<br>\u8153\u529b\uff0c\u54c8\u7459\u3014\u5229\u8d6b\u987f\u5821\u3015\u4f2f\u7235<br>Philip, count of Hanau -Lichtenburg<br>\u6b4c\u7279\u98de\uff0c\u5384\u4ead\u6069\u4f2f\u7235<br>Godfrey, count of Oettingen<br>\u4f50\u6cbb\uff0c\u8fe6\u65af\u7279\u3014\u5f8b\u767b\u8c6a\u751f\u3015\u4f2f\u7235\u4e0e\u4e3b\u4eba<br>George, count and lord of Castell\u3014Ruedenhausen\u3015<br>\u4ea8\u5229\uff0c\u8fe6\u65af\u7279\u3014\u4efb\u4ee4\u6069\u3015\u4f2f\u7235\u4e0e\u4e3b\u4eba<br>Henry, count and lord of Castell\u3014Remlingen\u3015<br>\u7ea6\u7ff0\u6d77\u5c14\uff0c\u66fc\u65af\u6590\u5f97\u3014\u963f\u5c14\u7279\u5c14\u3015\u4f2f\u7235<br>John Hoyer, count of Mansfeld\u3014Artern\u3015<br>\u4f2f\u5982\u632a\uff0c\u66fc\u65af\u6590\u5f97\u3014\u4f2f\u5189\u65af\u5fb7\u3015\u4f2f\u7235<br>Bruno, count of Mansfeld -Bronstedt<br>\u6d77\u5c14\u514b\u5229\u65af\u591a\u592b\uff0c\u66fc\u65af\u6590\u5f97\u3014\u57c3\u65af\u52d2\u672c\u3015\u4f2f\u7235<br>Hoyer Christopher, count of Mansfeld\u3014Eisleben\u3015<br>\u5c11\u5e74\u5f7c\u5f97\u5384\u5c14\u4f7f\u7279\uff0c\u66fc\u65af\u6590\u5f97\u3014\u57c3\u65af\u52d2\u672c\u3015\u4f2f\u7235<br>Peter Ernest the Younger, count of Mansfeld [Eisleben]<br>\u514b\u5229\u65af\u591a\u592b\uff0c\u66fc\u65af\u6590\u5f97\u4f2f\u7235<br>Christopher, count of Mansfeld<br>\u4fc4\u59a5\uff0c\u4f55\u4e9a\u3014\u5b81\u5821\u3015\u8c6a\u751f\u4f2f\u7235<br>Otto count of Hoya\u3014Nienburg\u3015and Barghausen<br>\u7ea6\u7ff0\uff0c\u4fc4\u52d2\u987f\u5821\u4e0e\u5fb7\u95e8\u4f55\u65af\u4f2f\u7235<br>John, count of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst<br>\u963f\u52d2\u4f2f\u7279\u4f50\u6cbb\uff0c\u65af\u6258\u52d2\u767d\u4f2f\u7235<br>Albert George, count of Stolberg<br>\u7a9d\u5c14\u5bcc\u5384\u5c14\u4f7f\u7279\uff0c\u65af\u6258\u52d2\u767d\u4f2f\u7235<br>Wolf Ernest, count of Stolberg<br>\u8def\u6613\u65af\uff0c\u9769\u83b1\u6052\u3014\u4f2f\u5170\u80af\u6d77\u3015\u4f2f\u7235<br>Louis, count of Gleichen [-Blankenhain]<br>\u67e5\u7406\u65af\uff0c\u9769\u83b1\u6052\u3014\u4f2f\u5170\u80af\u6d77\u3015\u4f2f\u7235<br>Charles, count of Gleichen\u3014Blankenhain\u3015<br>\u5384\u5c14\u4f7f\u7279\uff0c\u745e\u6839\u65af\u5766\u4f2f\u7235<br>Ernest, count of Regenstein<br>\u535a\u591a\uff0c\u745e\u6839\u65af\u5766\u4f2f\u7235<br>Bodo, count of Regenstein<br>\u8def\u6613\u65af\uff0c\u52d2\u6587\u65af\u5766\u4f2f\u7235<br>Louis, count of Lowenstein<br>\u4ea8\u5229\uff0c\u6797\u666e\u5c14\u683c\u3014\u65af\u7c73\u5f97\u975e\u3015\uff0c\u751f\u67cf\u6590\u83b1\u7537\u7235<br>Henry, baron of Limpurg Schmiedelfeld, Semperfrei<br>\u4f50\u6cbb\uff0c\u8c22\u6069\u5821\u3014\u7a9d\u52d2\u767b\u5821\u300d\u7537\u7235<br>George, baron of Schonbarg -Woldenburg<br>\u7a9d\u5c14\u5bcc\uff0c\u8c22\u6069\u5821\u3014\u67cf\u5c3c-\u52d2\u7c73\u6492\u3015\u7537\u7235<br>Wolf, baron of Schonbirg -Penig-Remissa<br>\u963f\u54ea\u5c14\u514b\u8153\u5fb3\u529b\uff0c\u5a01\u52d2\u767b\u6590\u65af\u7537\u7235<br>Arnack Frederick, baron of Wildenfels<br>\u5f8b\u4f2f\u514b\u5e02\u5e02\u957f\u4e0e\u8bae\u4f1a<br>Mayor and Council of the City of Lubeck<br>\u5170\u9053\u5e02\u5e02\u957f\u4e0e\u8bae\u4f1a<br>Mayor and Council of the City of Landau<br>\u5723\u4f50\u6cbb\u8c37\u95f5\u65af\u7279\u5e02\u5e02\u957f\u4e0e\u8bae\u4f1a<br>Mayor and Council of the City of Munster-in-St. Georgental<br>\u54e5\u65af\u62c9\u5c14\u5e02\u8bae\u4f1a<br>The Council of the City of Goslar<br>\u4e4c\u52d2\u9ea6\u5e02\u5e02\u957f\u4e0e\u8bae\u4f1a<br>Mayor and Council of the City of Ulm<br>\u5384\u65af\u4ee4\u6069\u5e02\u5e02\u957f\u4e0e\u8bae\u4f1a<br>Mayor and Council of the City of Esslingen<br>\u745e\u7279\u9675\u6069\u5e02\u8bae\u4f1a<br>The Comcil of the City of Reutlingen<br>\u632a\u5c14\u5fb7\u4ee4\u6069\u5e02\u5e02\u957f\u4e0e\u8bae\u4f1a<br>Mayor and Coancil of the City of Nordlingen<br>\u6843\u4f2f\u5c14\u6cb3\u7f57\u987f\u5821\u5e02\u5e02\u957f\u4e0e\u8bae\u4f1a<br>Mayor and Council of Rothenburg-on-the- Tauber<br>\u897f\u7ef4\u6bd4\u897f\u54c8\u52d2\u5e02\u5e02\u957f\u4e0e\u8bae\u4f1a<br>Mayor and Coancil of the City of Schwabisch-Hall<br>\u6d77\u52d2\u4f2f\u5189\u5e02\u5e02\u957f\u4e0e\u8bae\u4f1a<br>Mayor and Council of the City of Heilbronn<br>\u6885\u660e\u6069\u5e02\u5e02\u957f\u4e0e\u8bae\u4f1a<br>Mayor and Council of the City of Memmingen<br>\u6797\u9053\u5e02\u5e02\u957f\u4e0e\u8bae\u4f1a<br>Mayor and Council of the City of Lindau<br>\u897f\u5916\u5f17\u5c14\u7279\u5e02\u5e02\u957f\u4e0e\u8bae\u4f1a<br>Mayor and Coancil of the City of Schweinfurt<br>\u591a\u90a3\u5473\u8fbe\u5e02\u8bae\u4f1a<br>The council of the City of Donawerda<br>\u745e\u6839\u65af\u5821\u5e02\u4f1a\u8ba1\u5458\u4e0e\u8bae\u4f1a<br>Chamberlain and Council of the City of Regensburg<br>\u745b\u82ac\u5e02\u5e02\u957f\u4e0e\u8bae\u4f1a<br>Mayor and Council of the City of Wimpfen<br>\u57fa\u6069\u5e02\u5e02\u957f\u4e0e\u8bae\u4f1a<br>Mayor and Council of the City of Giengen<br>\u535a\u82ac\u6069\u5e02\u5e02\u957f\u4e0e\u8bae\u4f1a<br>Mayor and Council of Bopfingen<br>\u4e9a\u4f26\u5e02\u5e02\u957f\u4e0e\u8bae\u4f1a<br>Mayor and Council of the City of Aalen<br>\u8003\u5f17\u62dc\u4ec1\u5e02\u5e02\u957f\u4e0e\u8bae\u4f1a<br>Mayor and Council of the City of Kaufbeuren<br>\u6613\u65af\u62c9\u5e02\u5e02\u957f\u4e0e\u8bae\u4f1a<br>Mayor and Council of the City of Isna<br>\u80af\u666e\u987f\u5e02\u5e02\u957f\u4e0e\u8bae\u4f1a<br>Mayor and Council of the City of Kempten<br>\u6c49\u5821\u5e02\u8bae\u4f1a<br>The Council of the City of Hamburg<br>\u683c\u6c40\u6839\u5e02\u8bae\u4f1a<br>The Council of the City of Gottingen<br>\u4f2f\u5189\u65af\u7ef4\u514b\u5e02\u8bae\u4f1a<br>The Council of the City of Brunswick<br>\u5f8b\u6d85\u5821\u5e02\u5e02\u957f\u4e0e\u8bae\u4f1a<br>Mayor and Council of the City of Liineburg<br>\u83b1\u7279\u514b\u5c14\u8d6b\u5e02\u5e02\u957f\u4e0e\u8bae\u4f1a<br>Mayor and Council of the City of Leutkirch<br>\u5e0c\u52d2\u5f97\u65af\u4ea5\u9ea6\u5e02\u53ca\u5176\u5168\u884c\u653f\u90e8<br>The whole administration of the City of Hildesheim<br>\u54c8\u9ed8\u6797\u5e02\u5e02\u957f\u4e0e\u8bae\u4f1a<br>Mayor and Council of the City of Hamelin<br>\u6c49\u8bfa\u5a01\u5c14\u5e02\u5e02\u957f\u4e0e\u8bae\u4f1a<br>Mayor and Council of the City of Hanover<br>\u7c73\u52d2\u8c6a\u751f\u8bae\u4f1a<br>The Council of Muhlhausen<br>\u8033\u5f17\u7279\u8bae\u4f1a<br>The Council of Erfurt<br>\u7231\u6069\u767e\u514b\u5e02\u8bae\u4f1a<br>The Council of the City of Einbeck<br>\u632a\u5c14\u8272\u59c6\u5e02\u8bae\u4f1a<br>The Council of the City of Northeim<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u58f9<br>\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4e09\u6761\u9996\u8981\u4fe1\u7ecf<br>\u6216\u6559\u4f1a\u901a\u7528\u4e4b\u4fe1\u4ef0<\/p>\n<p>\u5386\u53f2\u5c0f\u5f15<\/p>\n<p>\u3010\u6cf0\u67cf\u7279Theodore G. Tappert\u82f1\u6587\u8bd1\u8005\u539f\u8457\u3011<\/p>\n<p>\u6bcf\u6761\u8def\u5fb7\u4f1a\u4fe1\u6761\u5747\u5f15\u8bc1\u6216\u63d0\u53ca\u4e09\u6761\u53e4\u4fe1\u7ecf\u4e4b\u4e00\u6216\u6570\u6761\uff08\u534f\u540c\u4e66\u62c9\u4e01\u672c\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u4e09\u5171\u540c\u6216\u666e\u4e16\u8c61\u5f81\u201d\uff09\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u5c61\u6b21\u88ab\u5f15\u7528\u4ee5\u8981\u6c42\u8def\u5fb7\u4f1a\u6559\u8bad\u4e0e\u53e4\u6559\u4f1a\u6559\u8bad\u4e4b\u540c\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u5982\u662f\u53cd\u51fb\u9053\u7406\u9769\u65b0\u4e4b\u63a7\u8bc9\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u4e00\u4e94\u516b\u3007\u5e74\u534f\u540c\u4e66\u51fa\u7248\u65f6\uff0c\u5f88\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u5728\u6b64\u5f00\u7aef\u7f16\u8fdb\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53e4\u6559\u4f1a\u8c61\u5f81\u3002\u5f53\u7136\u4e5f\u5e94\u8be5\u6309\u7167\u897f\u65b9\u76db\u884c\u7684\u6837\u5f0f\u91cd\u7f16\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u76ee\u524d\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4f7f\u5f92\u4fe1\u7ecf\u672c\u6587\u6e90\u81ea\u7b2c\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u672c\u6587\u4e43\u662f\u53e4\u7f57\u9a6c\u4fe1\u7ecf\u7684\u6539\u8ba2\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u7eaa\u897f\u65b9\u5df2\u901a\u7528\u3002\u53e4\u7f57\u9a6c\u4fe1\u7ecf\u4e4b\u524d\u987a\u5e8f\u5730\u6709\u5404\u79cd\u4fe1\u7ecf\u7684\u9648\u8ff0\uff0c\u663e\u51fa\u5176\u5728\u65b0\u7ea6\u672c\u8eab\u6240\u6709\u4e4b\u6839\u672c\u5f62\u5f0f\u7b26\u5408\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u4f7f\u5f92\u4fe1\u7ecf\u975e\u6765\u81ea\u5404\u4f7f\u5f92\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u5176\u6839\u6e90\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4f7f\u5f92\u4eec\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4fe1\u7ecf\u7cfb\u7edf\u79cd\u7c7b\uff0c\u4e1c\u65b9\u6bd4\u897f\u65b9\u591a\u3002\u5c3c\u897f\u4e9aNicaea\u4f1a\u8bae\uff08\u4e3b\u540e\u4e09\u4e8c\u4e94\u5e74\uff09\u65f6\uff0c\u66fe\u5f03\u7edd\u4e9a\u6d41Arius\u4e4b\u6559\u8bad\uff0c\u91c7\u7528\u4e00\u76db\u884c\u7684\u4e1c\u65b9\u8c61\u5f81\u3014\u4fe1\u7ecf\u3015\u5e76\u52a0\u4e0a\u4e00\u4e9b\u53cd\u5bf9\u4e9a\u6d41\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\u4ee5\u8868\u660e\u5176\u7acb\u573a\u3002\u5eb7\u58eb\u5766\u4e01 Constantinople\u8bae\u4f1a\uff08\u4e09\u516b\u4e00\u5e74\uff09\u7a0d\u5fae\u66f4\u6539\u5c3c\u897f\u4e9a\u4fe1\u7ecf\u2014\u2014\u6211\u4eec\u4ecd\u7136\u5982\u6b64\u79f0\u4e4b\u2014\u2014\u5e76\u5728\u8fe6\u8272\u987fChalcedon\u8bae\u4f1a\uff08\u56db\u4e94\u4e00\u5e74\uff09\u4e2d\u91cd\u88ab\u8bc1\u5b9e\u3002\u7b2c\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u9996\u5148\u63d2\u5165\u8153\u529b\u5965\u9b41filioque \uff08\u201c\u5e76\u7531\u5b50\u201d\u800c\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u7b2c\u4e09\u6bb5\u5185\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u4fbf\u6210\u4e86\u4e1c\u897f\u53cc\u65b9\u4e89\u8bba\u4e4b\u7126\u70b9\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u5728\u7b2c\u5341\u4e00\u4e16\u7eaa\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e9a\u4ed6\u90a3\u4feeAthanasian\u4fe1\u7ecf\u4e4b\u6765\u6e90\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u3002\u8f83\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u662f\uff1a\u5b83\u5e76\u975e\u7b2c\u56db\u4e16\u7eaa\u5927\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e9a\u4ed6\u90a3\u4feeAthanasius\u6240\u5199\u3002\u67d0\u4e9b\u4eba\u63a8\u6d4b\u662f\u5728\u4ed6\u90a3\u4e2a\u65f6\u671f\u8457\u6210\uff0c\u7eb5\u7136\u4f3c\u4e4e\u66f4\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u81ea\u7b2c\u4e94\u6216\u7b2c\u516d\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u4e14\u6e90\u81ea\u897f\u65b9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00 \u4f7f\u5f92\u4fe1\u7ecf<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u4fe1\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u5168\u80fd\u7684\u7236\uff0c\u521b\u9020\u5929\u5730\u7684\u4e3b\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u4fe1\u8036\u7a23\u57fa\u7763\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u72ec\u751f\u5b50\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4e3b\uff1a\u56e0\u7740\u5723\u7075\u6210\u5b55\uff0c\u4ece\u7ae5\u5973\u9a6c\u91cc\u4e9a\u6240\u751f\uff0c\u5728\u672c\u4e22\u5f7c\u62c9\u591a\u624b\u4e0b\u9047\u96be\uff0c\u88ab\u9489\u5728\u5341\u5b57\u67b6\u4e0a\uff0c\u6b7b\u4e86\uff0c\u846c\u4e86\uff1a\u4e0b\u5230\u5730\u72f1\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u5929\u4ece\u6b7b\u4eba\u91cc\u590d\u6d3b\uff0c\u540e\u5347\u5929\uff0c\u5750\u5728\u65e0\u6240\u4e0d\u80fd\u7684\u7236\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u53f3\u8fb9\uff0c\u5c06\u6765\u5fc5\u4ece\u90a3\u91cc\u964d\u4e34\uff0c\u5ba1\u5224\u6d3b\u4eba\u6b7b\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u4fe1\u5723\u7075\uff0c\u4e00\u5723\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4f1a\uff0c\u5723\u5f92\u4e00\u4f53\uff0c\u7f6a\u5f97\u8d66\u514d\uff0c\u8089\u8eab\u590d\u6d3b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6c38\u751f\u3002\u963f\u4eec\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e8c \u5c3c\u897f\u4e9a\u4fe1\u7ecf<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u4fe1\u72ec\u4e00\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u5168\u80fd\u7684\u7236\uff0c\u662f\u521b\u9020\u5929\u5730\u548c\u6709\u5f62\u65e0\u5f62\u4e4b\u4e07\u7269\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u4fe1\u4e3b\u8036\u7a23\u57fa\u7763\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u72ec\u751f\u5b50\uff0c\u5728\u4e07\u4e16\u4ee5\u5148\u4e3a\u7236\u6240\u751f\uff0c\u51fa\u4e8e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u800c\u4e3a\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u51fa\u4e8e\u5149\u800c\u4e3a\u5149\uff0c\u51fa\u4e8e\u771f\u795e\u800c\u4e3a\u771f\u795e\uff0c\u88ab\u751f\u800c\u975e\u53d7\u9020\uff0c\u4e0e\u7236\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u4e07\u7269\u90fd\u85c9\u7740\u7942\u53d7\u9020\uff1a\u4e3a\u6551\u6211\u4eec\u4e16\u4eba\u4ece\u5929\u964d\u4e34\uff0c\u56e0\u5723\u7075\u4ece\u7ae5\u5973\u9a6c\u91cc\u4e9a\u6210\u4e86\u8089\u8eab\u800c\u4e3a\u4eba\uff1a\u53c8\u5728\u672c\u4e22\u5f7c\u62c9\u591a\u624b\u4e0b\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u9489\u5728\u5341\u5b57\u67b6\u4e0a\uff0c\u53d7\u5bb3\uff0c\u846c\u57cb\uff1a\u7167\u5723\u7ecf\u7684\u8bdd\u7b2c\u4e09\u5929\u590d\u6d3b\uff0c\u5347\u5929\uff0c\u5750\u5728\u7236\u7684\u53f3\u8fb9\uff1a\u5c06\u6765\u5fc5\u5728\u5a01\u8363\u4e2d\u964d\u4e34\uff0c\u5ba1\u5224\u6d3b\u4eba\u6b7b\u4eba\uff0c\u7942\u7684\u56fd\u5ea6\u6c38\u65e0\u7a77\u5c3d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u4fe1\u8d50\u751f\u547d\u7684\u4e3b\u5723\u7075\uff0c\u4ece\u7236\uff0c\u5b50\u800c\u51fa\uff1a\u4e0e\u7236\uff0c\u5b50\u540c\u6837\u53d7\u5c0a\u656c\uff0c\u53d7\u8363\u8000\uff1a\u7942\u66fe\u501f\u7740\u4f17\u5148\u77e5\u8bf4\u8bdd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u4fe1\u85c9\u4f7f\u5f92\u6240\u7acb\u7684\u72ec\u4e00\u5723\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4f1a\u3002<br>\u6211\u627f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8d66\u7f6a\u6240\u7acb\u7684\u72ec\u4e00\u5723\u6d17\uff0c\u6211\u671b\u6b7b\u4eba\u590d\u6d3b\u548c\u6765\u4e16\u7684\u6c38\u751f\u3002\u963f\u4eec\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e09 \u4e9a\u4ed6\u90a3\u4fee\u4fe1\u7ecf<\/p>\n<p>1. \u5e0c\u671b\u5f97\u6551\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u5e94\u6574\u6301\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4e4b\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002<br>2. \u8c01\u82e5\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u800c\u7eaf\u6b63\u7684\u4fdd\u5b88\u8fd9\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u65e0\u7591\u5fc5\u6c38\u8fdc\u6c89\u6ca6\u3002<br>3. \u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u4e4b\u771f\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e43\u662f\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u656c\u62dc\u4e00\u4f4d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5728\u4e09\u4f4d\u4e4b\u5185\uff0c\u5373\u4e09\u4f4d\u5408\u4e00\u4e4b\u4e0a\u5e1d<br>4. \u4e0d\u6df7\u6742\u5176\u4f4d\u683c\uff0c\u4e0d\u5206\u88c2\u5176\u795e\u5723\u672c\u8d28\u3002<br>5. \u7236\u662f\u4e2a\u522b\u4e00\u4f4d\uff0c\u5b50\u662f\u4e2a\u522b\u4e00\u4f4d\uff0c\u5723\u7075\u4e5f\u662f\u4e2a\u522b\u4e00\u4f4d\uff0c<br>6. \u4f46\u6709\u7236\u3001\u5b50\u3001\u5723\u7075\u7684\u60df\u4e00\u795e\u6027\uff0c\u5176\u8363\u8000\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u5a01\u4e25\u6c38\u8fdc\u5e73\u7b49\u3002<br>7. 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\uff09\u300277\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u610f\u60f3\u6cd5\u524a\u5f31\u4e3b\u6559\u6743\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u5e76\u7948\u6c42\u4ed6\u4eec\u52ff\u52c9\u5f3a\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u826f\u5fc3\u72af\u7f6a\u3002\u5018\u82e5\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u613f\u884c\u6b64\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e0d\u7406\u4f1a\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8bf7\u6c42\uff0c\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u8003\u8651\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9762\u524d\u56de\u7b54\u7942\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u56fa\u6267\u9020\u6210\u6559\u4f1a\u5206\u88c2\u4e0d\u548c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5b9e\u5728\u5e94\u5f53\u5e2e\u52a9\u907f\u514d\u6559\u4f1a\u5206\u88c2\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3014\u7ed3\u8bba\u3015<br>1\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7686\u4e3a\u7eb7\u4e89\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6761\u6b3e\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u867d\u53ef\u63d0\u51fa\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5984\u7528\u4e0e\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u4e3a\u514d\u7bc7\u5e45\u8fc7\u957f\uff0c\u4ec5\u6307\u51fa\u9996\u8981\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u30022\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u81ea\u53ef\u4f9d\u7167\u8fd9\u4e9b\u800c\u660e\u767d\u3002\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u5bf9\u8d66\u7f6a\u7968\uff0c\u671d\u5723\u5730\uff0c\u5984\u7528\u9a71\u9010\u6743\u5927\u5927\u62b1\u6028\u3002\u6559\u533a\u7267\u5e08\u5bf9\u542c\u4eba\u8ba4\u7f6a\uff0c\u8bba\u57cb\u846c\uff0c\u7279\u671f\u793c\u62dc\u8bb2\u9898\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8bb8\u591a\u5176\u4ed6\u4e8b\u9879\uff0c\u548c\u4fee\u9053\u58eb\u53d1\u751f\u65e0\u6570\u6b21\u53e3\u89d2\u30023\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u6211\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5df2\u7b80\u7565\u5448\u660e\u7684\u5404\u8981\u6b3e\u5bb9\u6613\u4e86\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>4\u6211\u4eec\u4ee5\u4e0a\u6240\u9648\u8ff0\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u975e\u51fa\u81ea\u6068\u6076\uff0c\u6216\u4e3a\u635f\u5bb3\u67d0\u4eba\uff0c\u6240\u53d9\u8ff0\u7684\u4e8b\u9879\uff0c\u4ec5\u662f\u5fc5\u9700\u63d0\u53ca\u7684\uff0c\u4f7f\u4eba\u660e\u767d\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5f15\u5165\u4ec0\u4e48\u9053\u7406\u6216\u793c\u4eea\u4e0e\u5723\u7ecf\u6216\u666e\u4e16\u6559\u4f1a\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u4e8b\u30025\u5341\u5206\u663e\u7136\uff08\u8bf4\u8fd9\u8bdd\u51b3\u4e0d\u5938\u5f20\uff09\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9760\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\u5c0f\u5fc3\u8c28\u614e\u9884\u9632\u65b0\u800c\u4e0d\u8654\u8bda\u7684\u6559\u8bad\u6df7\u5165\u6211\u4eec\u6559\u4f1a\u5185\uff0c\u5360\u636e\u4f18\u52bf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>6\u8c28\u9075\u965b\u4e0b\u8c15\u65e8\uff0c\u5448\u4e0a\u4ee5\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\u8bf8\u6761\u6b3e\uff0c\u7533\u660e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4fe1\u6761\u53ca\u672c\u6559\u4f1a\u7267\u5e08\u4e4b\u6559\u8bad\u30027\u5018\u6709\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6b64\u4fe1\u6761\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u987b\u52a0\u4ee5\u8865\u5145\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u613f\u6839\u636e\u795e\u5723\u5723\u7ecf\u5448\u4e0a\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u9648\u8ff0\u3002\u8c28\u5448\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u965b\u4e0b\u5fe0\u5fc3\u4ec6\u5f79\uff1a<br>\u6492\u514b\u68ee\u516c\u7235\uff0c\u9009\u4e3e\u5b98\uff0c\u7ea6\u7ff0<br>John, duke of Saxony, elector<br>\u5e03\u5170\u767b\u5821\u4faf\u7235\uff0c\u4e54\u6cbb<br>George, margrave of Brandenburg<br>\u5415\u6e7c\u5821\u516c\u7235\uff0c\u5384\u5c14\u65af\u7279<br>Ernest, duke of Luneburg<br>\u9ed1\u68ee\u4f2f\u7235\uff0c\u8153\u529b<br>Philip, landgrave of Hesse<br>\u6492\u514b\u900a\u516c\u7235\uff0c\u7ea6\u7ff0\u8d39\u5f97\u529b\u514b<br>John Frederick, duke of Saxony<br>\u5415\u6e7c\u5821\u516c\u7235\uff0c\u6cd5\u5170\u514b<br>Fr ancis, duke of Luneburg<br>\u5b89\u54c8\u7279\u738b\u5b50\uff0c\u4fc4\u592b\u5188<br>Wolfgang, prince of Anhalt<br>\u5415\u4ec1\u5821\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0e\u5e02\u957f<br>Mayor and council of Nuremberg<br>\u745e\u7279\u6797\u6839\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0e\u5e02\u957f<br>Mayor and council of Reutlingen<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"3\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u53c1<br>\u5965\u65af\u5821\u4fe1\u6761\u8fa9\u62a4\u8bba<\/p>\n<p>\u5386\u53f2\u5c0f\u5f15<br>\u3010\u6cf0\u67cf\u7279Theodore G. Tappet\u82f1\u6587\u8bd1\u8005\u539f\u8457\u3015<br>\u67e5\u7406\u7b2c\u4e94\u7687\u5e1d\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e94\u4e09\u3007\u5e74\u539f\u6b32\u5728\u5965\u65af\u5821\u57ce\u5f00\u56fd\u4f1a\u7684\u53ec\u8bf7\u5185\u9762\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u66fe\u8981\u6c42\u738b\u5b50\u4e0e\u81ea\u79f0\u4e3a\u5c5e\u798f\u97f3\u4e4b\u81ea\u7531\u57ce\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u4e5f\u8981\u6c42\u4ecd\u5fe0\u5fc3\u4e8e\u7f57\u9a6c\u3014\u6559\u3015\u7684\u4eba\uff08\u8bf7\u770b\u524d\u9762\u5965\u65af\u5821\u4fe1\u6761\u5e8f\u8a00\uff09\u5448\u4e0a\u4fe1\u4ef0\u9648\u660e\u4e66\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5965\u65af\u5821\u4fe1\u6761\u5728\u56fd\u4f1a\u5ba3\u8bfb\u540e\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5929\uff0c\u7f57\u9a6c\u6d3e\u62df\u5b9a\u9884\u5907\u5bf9\u8def\u5fb7\u4f1a\u3014\u4fe1\u6761\u3015\u6587\u4ef6\u4e4b\u53cd\u9a73\u6587\u3002\u6b64\u9879\u5de5\u4f5c\u4ea4\u4e0e\u795e\u5b66\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u7531\u6559\u7687\u4f7f\u8282\u4e3a\u9996\u3002\u521d\u7a3f\u4e0d\u4ee4\u4eba\u6ee1\u610f\uff0c\u4fbf\u9884\u5907\u4e00\u7b80\u77ed\u3001\u5f97 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opere operato \u7531\u4e8e\u6240\u884c\u4e4b\u5584\u5de5\uff0c\u5176\u65bd\u4e0e\u4e0d\u9700\u9886\u53d7\u8005\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u597d\u4f3c\u5723\u7075\u6069\u8d50\u4e3a\u8f83\u5c0f\u7684\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>64\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u6b63\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e00\u79cd\u975e\u95f2\u6687\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u751f\u6765\u65b0\u751f\u547d\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u5fc3\u4e2d\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u4e14\u662f\u5723\u7075\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u6545\u6b64\u5b83\u4e0d\u80fd\u540c\u7740\u6b7b\u7f6a\u4e00\u8d77\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u5728\u5b83\u51fa\u73b0\u65f6\uff0c\u968f\u65f6\u5e26\u6765\u5584\u679c\uff0c\u4e0b\u9762\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u6307\u51fa\u300265\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6076\u4eba\u7684\u6094\u6539\u6216\u91cd\u751f\u7684\u6837\u5f0f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u80fd\u8bf4\u4e9b\u4ec0\u4e48\u66f4\u7b80\u5355\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u8bdd\u5462\uff1f\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u8fd9\u4e48\u4e00\u5927\u6279\u4f5c\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3014\u5173\u4e8e\u5f7c\u5f97\u4f26\u5df4\u90fd\u683c\u8a00Peter Lombard\u2019s Sentences \uff0c\u4e2d\u53e4\u65f6\u4ee3\u8bb8\u591a\u6ce8\u91ca\u5bb6\u6240\u8ba8\u8bba\u3015\uff0c\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u89e3\u91ca\u683c\u8a00\uff0c\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\u4eba\u7684\u91cd\u751f\u5982\u4f55\u6210\u529f\u300266\u5f53\u4ed6\u4eec\u8c08\u8bba\u81f3\u7231\u4e4b\u6027\u8d28\u65f6\uff0c\u7adf\u81ea\u4ee5\u4e3a\u4eba\u4ee5\u5584\u884c\u914d\u5f97\u5230\u5b83\u3002\u50cf\u4eca\u65e5\u7684\u91cd\u6d17\u793c\u6d3e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5426\u8ba4\u5b83\u3014\u91cd\u751f\u3015\u662f\u85c9\u9053\u9886\u53d7\u7684\u300267\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u9664\u85c9\u9053\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4ea4\u5f80\u6216\u63e1\u4f4f\u7942\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u79f0\u4e49\u85c9\u9053\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u5982\u4fdd\u7f57\u6240\u8a00\uff08\u7f57\u4e0016\uff09:\u201c\u798f\u97f3\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5927\u80fd\u8981\u6551\u4e00\u5207\u76f8\u4fe1\u7684\uff0c\u201d\u53c8\uff08\u7f57\u534117\uff09\uff1a 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22\u6240\u8bb0\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u53ef\u7531\u6b64\u7406\u8bba\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u8d66\u7f6a\u662f\u56e0\u968f\u7740\u7684\u5584\u884c\u6216\u8d48\u6d4e\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u7942\u7684\u5e94\u8bb8\u624d\u8d66\u514d\u90a3\u63e1\u7262\u5e94\u8bb8\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u82e5\u4e0d\u771f\u6b63\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u4fe1\u514b\u670d\u7f6a\u4e0e\u6b7b\uff0c\u4fbf\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\u6b64\u5e94\u8bb8\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5982\u6b64\u91cd\u751f\uff0c \u7ed3\u51fa\u4e0e\u6094\u6539\u76f8\u79f0\u4e4b\u679c\u5b9e\uff0c\u5982\u65bd\u6d17\u7ea6\u7ff0\uff08\u592a\u4e098 \uff09\u6240\u8bf4\u3002\u56e0\u800c\u52a0\u4e0a\u5e94\u8bb8\uff08\u4f46\u56db27\uff09: \u201c\u4ee5\u65bd\u884c\u516c\u4e49\u65ad\u7edd\u7f6a\u8fc7\u3002\u201d \u201cBehold, there will be a healing of your offenses.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>264\u5bf9\u6b64\uff0c\u8036\u67d4\u7c73\u52a0\u4e0a\u4e00\u65e0\u5173\u7684\u8d28\u8bcd\u8868\u793a\u7591\u60d1\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u6ce8\u91ca\u4e2d\u66f4\u65e0\u6743\u4e3b\u5f20:\u7f6a\u4e4b\u8d66\u514d\u662f\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u7262\u8bb0\u798f\u97f3\u7684\u786e\u5e94\u8bb8\u7f6a\u4e4b\u8d66\u514d\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u82e5\u5426\u8ba4\u7f6a\u4e4b\u8d66\u514d\u786e\u5b9e\u7531\u5e94\u8bb8\u8d50\u7ed9\uff0c\u4fbf\u662f\u660e\u7136\u6d88\u9664\u798f\u97f3\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u5728\u6b64\u7ecf\u6587\u89e3\u91ca\u5185\u6452\u9664\u8036\u67d4\u7c73\u7684\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u867d\u7136 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operato\uff0c\u65e0\u4fe1\u5fc3\u7684\u79f0\u4eba\u4e3a\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>277\u571f\u6bd4\u3014\u4f2a\u7ecf\u4e66\u3015\u56db11\u4ea6\u5e94\u6309\u540c\u4e00\u65b9\u5f0f\u8bb2\u89e3\uff1a\u201c\u8d48\u6d4e\u80fd\u4f7f\u4eba\u8131\u79bb\u4e00\u5207\u7f6a\u548c\u6b7b\u3002\u201d\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4fee\u8f9e\u7684\u5938\u5f20\u6cd5\uff1b\u4f46\u5e94\u5f53\u5982\u662f\u4e86\u89e3\u4e4b\uff0c\u514d\u5374\u5c06\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u8363\u8000\u593a\u53bb\uff0c\u56e0\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u7279\u6743\u662f\u4f7f\u4eba\u8131\u79bb\u7f6a\u4e0e\u6b7b\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8f6c\u56de\u6765\u8ba8\u8bba\u89c4\u5219\uff1a\u4e0d\u8bb2\u57fa\u7763\uff0c\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u6559\u8bad\u4fbf\u4e3a\u65e0\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u3002278\u5982\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u559c\u60a6\u90a3\u5728\u79f0\u4e49\u6216\u548c\u597d\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u8d48\u6d4e\uff0c\u4e0d\u559c\u60a6\u4e8e\u79f0\u4e49\u524d\u884c\u7684\u8d48\u6d4e\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u8d48\u6d4e\u4e0dex opere 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do not satisfy the law\u3015\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u7f3a\u4e4f\u56e0\u57fa\u7763\u4e4b\u6545\u5f97\u8499\u8d66\u514d\uff0c\u5982\u4fdd\u7f57\uff08\u7f57\u516b1\uff09\u6240\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5982\u4eca\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u8036\u7a23\u91cc\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u5b9a\u7f6a\u4e86\u3002\u201d 309\u8fd9\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5c06\u5c0a\u8363\u5f52\u7ed9\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u5c06\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7942\u7684\u7ed9\u7942\uff1b\u8fd9\u4fe1\u4ee5\u63a5\u53d7\u7942\u7684\u5e94\u8bb8\u800c\u987a\u4ece\u7942\u3002\u5982\u4fdd\u7f57\uff08\u7f57\u56db20\uff09\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u4ef0\u671b\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5e94\u8bb8\uff0c\u603b\u6ca1\u6709\u56e0\u4e0d\u4fe1\uff0c\u5fc3\u91cc\u8d77\u7591\uff1b\u53cd\u5012\u56e0\u4fe1\uff0c\u5fc3\u91cc\u5f97\u575a\u56fa\uff0c\u5c06\u8363\u8000\u5f52\u7ed9\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3002\u201d 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\u201c\u8fd9\u662f\u6211\u7684\u7231\u5b50\uff0c\u6211\u6240\u559c\u60a6\u7684\uff1b\u4f60\u4eec\u8981\u542c\u7942\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>311\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u654c\u8c08\u8bba\u987a\u4ece\u5f8b\u6cd5\uff1b\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u63d0\u987a\u4ece\u798f\u97f3\u3002\u7136\u800c\u6211\u4eec\u82e5\u672a\u85c9\u798f\u97f3\u91cd\u751f\uff0c\u5373\u4e0d\u80fd\u987a\u4ece\u5f8b\u6cd5\uff1b\u6211\u4eec\u82e5\u6ca1\u6709\u9886\u53d7\u7f6a\u7684\u8d66\u514d\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u7231\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3002312\u6211\u4eec\u82e5\u4ecd\u7136\u611f\u89c9\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u6012\uff0c\u4eba\u6027\u5fc5\u9003\u907f\u7942\u7684\u6012\u6c14\u4e0e\u5224\u65ad\u3002\u67d0\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6a21\u68f1\u4e24\u53ef\u5730\u8bf4\uff1a\u5018\u82e5\u4fe1\u662f\u613f\u6b32\u5e94\u8bb8\u6240\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e0e\u76fc\u671b\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5df2\u6df7\u4e71\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5e0c\u671b\u6240\u5e94\u8bb8\u4e4b\u4e8b\u4e43\u662f\u76fc\u671b\u3002\u5bf9\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u56de\u7b54\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u611f\u89c9\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u4e0d\u80fd\u5206\u5f00\uff0c\u50cf\u7ecf\u9662\u795e\u5b66\u7a7a\u60f3\u7684\u6837\u5f0f\u3002\u5728\u6765\u5341\u4e001\u4fe1\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u201c\u6240\u5e0c\u671b\u4e4b\u4e8b\u7684\u4fdd\u8bc1\u3002\u201d\u5982\u679c\u6709\u4eba\u4ecd\u6c42\u4e00\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4fbf\u8bf4\uff1a\u76fc\u671b\u4e4b\u5bf9\u8c61\u53ea\u4e3a\u4e00\u4ef6\u5c06\u6765\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4fe1\u517c\u5904\u7406\u5c06\u6765\u548c\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u5e76\u73b0\u4eca\u9886\u53d7\u5e94\u8bb8\u6240\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e4b\u7f6a\u7684\u8d66\u514d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>313\u6211\u4eec\u76fc\u671b\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u3014\u4eba\u3015\u5fc5\u660e\u767d\u4e86\u89e3\u4fe1\u7684\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u4e5f\u660e\u767d\u50ac\u903c\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u6b64\u575a\u6301\u85c9\u4fe1\u79f0\u4e49\u3001\u548c\u597d\u3001\u91cd\u751f\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u2014\u2014\u6211\u4eec\u82e5\u771f\u6709\u610f\u6559\u5bfc\u798f\u97f3\u7684\u4e49\uff0c\u4e0d\u6559\u5bfc\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u4e49\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u6559\u5bfc\u6211\u4eec\u85c9\u7231\u5f97\u79f0\u4e49\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u662f\u6559\u5bfc\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u4e49\u975e\u6559\u5bfc\u6211\u4eec\u4f9d\u9760\u57fa\u7763\u4e3a\u79f0\u4e49\u4e4b\u4e3e\u7684\u4e2d\u4fdd\u3002314\u663e\u7136\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u4ee5\u7231\uff0c\u5374\u4ee5\u4fe1\u514b\u670d\u7f6a\u4e0e\u6b7b\u7684\u6050\u6016\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c06\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7231\u53ca\u9075\u5b88\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5fff\u6012\u76f8\u5bf9\u7acb\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u4fdd\u7f57\uff08\u7f57\u4e942\uff09\u8bf4\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u53c8\u85c9\u7740\u7942\uff0c\u56e0\u4fe1\u5f97\u8fdb\u5165\u73b0\u5728\u6240\u7ad9\u7684\u8fd9\u6069\u5178\u4e2d\u3002\u201d\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5f88\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4eec\u65f6\u5e38\u5f3a\u8c03\u8fd9\u9648\u8ff0\u3002\u8fd9\u9648\u8ff0\u5c06\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4e8b\u4f8b\u7ed3\u8bba\u5f97\u751a\u4f73\uff0c\u5bf9\u5b83\u8be6\u7ec6\u601d\u8651\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e88\u6211\u4eec\u5f88\u591a\u6559\u8bad\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5b89\u6170\u7ed9\u4e0e\u559c\u7231\u7684\u5fc3\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u5e94\u5c06\u8fd9\u8bdd\u51c6\u5907\u59a5\u5584\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u5fc3\u5185\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u7528\u6765\u9a73\u5012\u5bf9\u654c\u6240\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ee5\u7231\u5fc3\u548c\u529f\u52b3\u6765\u5c31\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u4e0d\u7528\u57fa\u7763\u4e2d\u4fdd\uff0c\u4e0d\u85c9\u4fe1\u6765\u5c31\u7942\u4e4b\u6559\u5bfc\uff0c\u4e5f\u7528\u6765\u5728\u6050\u6016\u4e2d\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u6109\u5feb\uff0c\u5e76\u7ec3\u4e60\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002315\u660e\u767d\u7684\u770b\u51fa\uff1a\u65e0\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u9075\u5b88\u5f8b\u6cd5\uff0c\u5982\u7942\u81ea\u5df1\uff08\u7ea6\u5341\u4e945\uff09\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u56e0\u4e3a\u79bb\u4e86\u6211\uff0c\u4f60\u4eec\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f5c\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002\u201d\u6240\u4ee5\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u9075\u5b88\u5f8b\u6cd5\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5fc3\u987b\u85c9\u4fe1\u91cd\u751f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>316\u4ece\u6b64\u53ef\u901a\u6653\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e3a\u4f55\u5f03\u7edd\u5bf9\u654c\u5173\u4e8e\u914d\u5f97\u7684\u529f\u52b3merit of condignity\u7684\u6559\u8bad\u3002\u6b64\u5f03\u7edd\u4e4b\u51b3\u8bae\u8f7b\u800c\u6613\u4e3e\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u3001\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u63d0\u53ca\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u6216\u6211\u4eec\u85c9\u4fe1\uff0c\u56e0\u57fa\u7763\u4e4b\u6545\u8499\u4e0a\u5e1d\u559c\u60a6\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e7b\u60f3\u5584\u884c\u540c\u7740\u7231\u4e4b\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u6027\u8d28\u201d\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\u6240\u884c\u7684\uff0c\u672c\u8eab\u914d\u4e3a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6240\u559c\u60a6\u7684\u4e49\uff0c\u8d5a\u5f97\u6c38\u751f\uff0c\u4e14\u4e0d\u9700\u7528\u57fa\u7763\u4e2d\u4fdd\u3002317\u6211\u4eec\u82e5\u8981\u4f7f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u56e0\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u559c\u60a6\uff0c\u4e0d\u8981\u7942\u56e0\u57fa\u7763\u800c\u559c\u60a6\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e8b\u9664\u4e86\u5c06\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u8363\u8000\u8f6c\u81f3\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u6bc1\u706d\u7942\u4e3a\u4e2d\u4fdd\u4e4b\u8363\u8000\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u4ec0\u4e48\u5462\uff1f\u56e0\u4e3a\u7942\u8fde\u7eed\u4f5c\u4e2d\u4fdd\uff0c\u4e14\u4e0d\u53ea\u5728\u79f0\u4e49\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u5f00\u59cb\u3002\u4fdd\u7f57\u4e5f\u8bf4\uff08\u52a0\u4e8c17\uff09\uff1a\u4e00\u4f4d\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u91cc\u79f0\u4e49\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u82e5\u5728\u4ed6\u5904\u5bfb\u6c42\u5176\u4e49\uff0c\u4ed6\u56e0\u4e4b\u79f0\u57fa\u7763\u201c\u7f6a\u4e4b\u4ee3\u7406\uff0c\u201d\u56e0\u7942\u4e0d\u5706\u6ee1\u7684\u79f0\u4eba\u4e3a\u4e49\u3002318\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u654c\u6240\u6559\u5bfc\u4e4b\u5584\u884c\u4ee5\u914d\u5f97\u7684\u529f\u52b3\u8d5a\u5f97\u6069\u5178\uff0c\u81f3\u4e3a\u5984\u8bde\uff0c\u597d\u50cf\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u826f\u5fc3\u5728\u79f0\u4e49\u4e4b\u540e\u6050\u6016\u6211\u4eec\u65f6\uff0c\u800c\u826f\u5fc3\u65f6\u5e38\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u987b\u85c9\u67d0\u9879\u5584\u884c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u85c9\u4fe1\u57fa\u7763\u5bfb\u6c42\u6069\u5178\u3002<\/p>\n<p>319\u7b2c\u4e8c\u3001\u5bf9\u654c\u4e4b\u6559\u8bad\u7ed9\u5404\u826f\u5fc3\u9057\u4e0b\u7591\u95ee\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u6c38\u4e0d\u5f97\u6b62\u606f\uff1b\u56e0\u5f8b\u6cd5\u65f6\u5e38\u63a7\u544a\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u884c\u5584\u65f6\u4ea6\u662f\u3002\u201c\u56e0\u4e3a\u60c5\u6b32\u3014\u5f53\u3015\u548c\u5723\u7075\u76f8\u4e89\u201d\uff08\u52a0\u4e9417\uff09\u3002\u5018\u82e5\u4eba\u7684\u826f\u5fc3\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5e94\u56e0\u5176\u5584\u884c\u8499\u4e0a\u5e1d\u559c\u60a6\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u56e0\u57fa\u7763\u3014\u8499\u6069\u3015\uff0c\u4f55\u4ee5\u5728\u65e0\u4fe1\u5fc3\u65f6\u6709\u5e73\u5b89\u5462\uff1f320\u82e5\u679c\u771f\u5e0c\u671b\u5e94\u85c9\u529f\u52b3\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u5b83\u3014\u53ef\u3015\u53d1\u73b0\u4f55\u79cd\u5584\u4e8b\u914d\u5f97\u6c38\u751f\u5462\uff1f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7591\u95ee\uff0c\u4fdd\u7f57\u8bf4\uff08\u7f57\u4e941 \uff09: \u201c\u6211\u4eec\u65e2\u56e0\u4fe1\u79f0\u4e49\uff0c\u5c31\u2026\u2026\u5f97\u4e0e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u76f8\u548c\uff1b\u201d\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u5b8c\u5168\u786e\u77e5\uff1a\u4e49\u4e0e\u6c38\u751f\uff0c\u56e0\u57fa\u7763\u4e4b\u6545\uff0c\u767d\u767d\u8d50\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u3002\u8bba\u53ca\u4e9a\u4f2f\u62c9\u7f55\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff08\u7f57\u56db18\uff09:\u201c\u4ed6\u5728\u65e0\u53ef\u6307\u671b\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u56e0\u4fe1\u4ecd\u6709\u6307\u671b\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>321\u7b2c\u4e09\u3001\u4eba\u7684\u826f\u5fc3\u4f55\u4ee5\u77e5\u9053\u5728\u7231\u7684\u6b64\u6027\u8d28\u4e4b\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0b\u884c\u4e86\u4e00\u4ef6\u5584\u4e8b\uff0c\u4f7f\u5b83\u786e\u5b9e\u80fd\u4ee5\u914d\u5f97\u4e4b\u529f\u52b3\u8d5a\u5f97\u6069\u5178\u5462\uff1f\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u533a\u522b\u2014\u2014\u4eba\u6709\u65f6\u83b7\u5f97\u9002\u5408\u529f\u52b3\uff08merit of congruity\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u6709\u65f6\u83b7\u5f97\u914d\u5f97\u529f\u52b3\uff08merit of condignity \uff09\u88ab\u63d1\u9020\u4e3a\u3014\u4f7f\u4eba\u3015\u9003\u907f\u5723\u7ecf\u3002\u56e0\u7167\u6211\u4eec\u4e0a\u9762\u6240\u8bf4\uff1a\u884c\u5584\u8005\u7684\u672c\u610f\uff0c\u4e0d\u5206\u8fa8\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u529f\u52b3\u3002\u53cd\u4e4b\uff0c\u81ea\u6ee1\u7684\u5047\u5192\u4e3a\u5584\u8005\uff0c\u7adf\u76f8\u4fe1\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5584\u884c\u8db3\u591f\u914d\u79f0\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e3a\u4e49\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u53d7\u6050\u6016\u7684\u826f\u5fc3\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5584\u5de5\u4e0d\u786e\u77e5\u3014\u591f\u4e0d\u591f\u3015\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u7ee7\u7eed\u5bfb\u6c42\u5176\u4ed6\u5584\u5de5\u3002\u83b7\u5f97\u914d\u5f97\u529f\u52b3\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\uff1a\u6000\u7591\u800c\u65e0\u4fe1\u5fc3\u4f5c\u5584\u5de5\uff0c\u76f4\u81f3\u5931\u671b\u3002\u7b80\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u654c\u5728\u8fd9\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6559\u8bad\uff0c\u90fd\u5145\u6ee1\u4e86\u9519\u8bef\u53ca\u5371\u9669\u3002<\/p>\n<p>322\u7b2c\u56db\u3001\u5168\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u627f\u8ba4\uff1a\u6c38\u751f\u85c9\u3014\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u3015\u6148\u60b2\u800c\u6765\u3002\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u4e01\u8ba8\u8bba\u5723\u5f92\u79f0\u4e49\u540e\u6240\u884c\u4e4b\u5584\u4e8b\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u201c\u6069\u5178\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u201d Grace and Free Will\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\u6b64\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5f15\u6211\u4eec\u81f3\u5165\u6c38\u751f\uff0c\u975e\u85c9\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u529f\u52b3\uff0c\u4e43\u7167\u7740\u7942\u7684\u6148\u60b2\u3002\u201d\u5728\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u4e01\u201c\u627f\u8ba4\u201d Confessions\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u7978\u54c9\uff01\u65e0\u8bba\u4eba\u4e4b\u751f\u6d3b\u5982\u4f55\u503c\u5f97\u9882\u8d5e\uff0c\u82e5\u65e0\u6148\u60b2\u5c06\u53d7\u5ba1\u5224\u3002\u201d\u5c45\u666e\u826fCyprian\u5728\u4ed6\u8bba\u4e3b\u7977\u6587\u4e4b\u6ce8\u91ca\u4e2d\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u514d\u6709\u4eba\u8c04\u5a9a\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u8bf4\u662f\u65e0\u8f9c\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u9882\u8d5e\u81ea\u5df1\u66f4\u52a0\u6c89\u6ca6\uff0c\u4ed6\u88ab\u6307\u6559\u4e3a\u65e5\u65e5\u72af\u7f6a\uff0c\u56e0\u4ed6\u88ab\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u8981\u4e3a\u5176\u7f6a\u65e5\u65e5\u7977\u544a\u3002\u201d\u4f46\u6b64\u70b9\u4eba\u4eba\u7686\u77e5\uff0c\u4e14\u5728\u5723\u7ecf\u53ca\u6559\u7236\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u660e\u6670\u7684\u89c1\u8bc1\u540c\u5fc3\u4e00\u610f\u5730\u5ba3\u79f0\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u5584\u884c\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4ecd\u9700\u6148\u60b2\u3002323\u4eba\u76fc\u671b\u7740\u8fd9\u6148\u60b2\u65f6\uff0c\u4fe1\u5fc3\u5b89\u6170\u9f13\u52b1\u6211\u4eec\u3002324\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5bf9\u654c\u6559\u5bfc\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u9882\u8d5e\u529f\u52b3\u65f6\u6240\u7528\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e0d\u52a0\u6dfb\u4efb\u4f55\u8bba\u63e1\u62ff\u6148\u60b2\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\u3002\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u4ee5\u4e0a\u6240\u8a00\uff0c\u5e94\u8bb8\u4e0e\u4fe1\u662f\u5173\u8fde\u7740\u5730\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u60df\u72ec\u4fe1\u80fd\u63e1\u62ff\u5e94\u8bb8\uff0c\u5982\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u6b64\u8bf4\uff0c\u6240\u5e94\u8bb8\u7684\u6148\u60b2\u5173\u8fde\u7740\u5730\u9700\u8981\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u4e14\u4ec5\u6709\u4fe1\u4ef0\u80fd\u63e1\u7262\u6b64\u6148\u60b2\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5b9e\u5728\u8bf4\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u62d2\u7edd\u914d\u5f97\u529f\u52b3\u7684\u9053\u7406doctrine of the merit of condignity\uff0c\u56e0\u5b83\u4e0d\u6559\u5bfc\u4ec0\u4e48\u8bba\u53ca\u79f0\u4eba\u4e3a\u4e49\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u8363\u8000\u4e0e\u4e2d\u4fdd\u4e4b\u5de5\u4f5c\u8499\u853d\u4e86\u3002325\u60df\u613f\u65e0\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e8b\u6240\u6559\u8bad\u7684\u662f\u65b0\u9053\u7406\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6559\u7236\u5341\u5206\u660e\u767d\u5730\u4f20\u4e0b\u6b64\u9053\u8bf4\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u5584\u884c\u4e2d\u4e5f\u9700\u7528\u6148\u60b2\u3002<\/p>\n<p>326\u5723\u7ecf\u5c61\u6b21\u5f3a\u8c03\u540c\u6837\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u8bd7\u4e00\u767e\u56db\u5341\u4e092 \uff1a 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\u201c\u6c42\u4f60\u6309\u6211\u7684\u516c\u4e49\uff0c\u548c\u6211\u5fc3\u4e2d\u7684\u7eaf\u6b63\uff0c\u5224\u65ad\u6211\u3002\u201d\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u8bd7\u4e00\u767e\u4e09\u53413\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u82e5\u89c2\u5bdf\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7f6a\uff0c\u8c01\u4e5f\u7ad9\u7acb\u4e0d\u4f4f\uff1a\u201c\u4e3b\u554a\uff01\u4f60\u82e5\u7a76\u5bdf\u7f6a\u5b7d\uff0c\u8c01\u80fd\u7ad9\u5f97\u4f4f\u5462\uff1f\u201d 327\u4f2f\u4e5d28 \uff1a\u201c\u6211\u56e0\u6101\u82e6\u800c\u60e7\u6015\uff0c\u77e5\u9053\u4f60\u5fc5\u4e0d\u4ee5\u6211\u4e3a\u65e0\u8f9c\u3002\u201d\u4f2f\u4e5d30 \u300131 : \u201c\u6211\u82e5\u7528\u96ea\u6c34\u6d17\u8eab\uff0c\u7528\u78b1\u6d01\u51c0\u6211\u7684\u624b\uff0c\u4f60\u8fd8\u8981\u6254\u6211\u5728\u5751\u91cc\u3002\u201d\u7bb4\u4e8c\u53419 : \u201c\u8c01\u80fd\u8bf4\uff1a\u2018\u6211\u6d01\u51c0\u4e86\u6211\u7684\u5fc3\uff0c\u6211\u8131\u79bb\u4e86\u6211\u7684\u7f6a\u3002\u2019\u201d 328\u7ea6\u4e00\u4e66\u4e008 : 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of 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Penitence<br>1\u4ed6\u4eec\u8d5e\u6210\u7b2c\u5341\u4e8c\u6761\u6b3e\u4e4b\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5373\u6211\u4eec\u8bf4\u660e\u90a3\u4e9b\u53d7\u6d17\u793c\u540e\u5815\u843d\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u80fd\u5728\u6bcf\u6b21\u518d\u6094\u6539\u65f6\u83b7\u5f97\u7f6a\u7684\u8d66\u514d\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5492\u8bc5\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u8bf4\uff1a\u8ba4\u7f6a\u8d66\u7f6a\u793c\u5305\u62ec\u61ca\u6094\u3014\u4e3a\u7f6a\u4f24\u5fc3\u3015\u4e0e\u4fe1\u5fc3\u4e24\u90e8\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4ed6\u4eec\u5426\u8ba4\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e3a\u3014\u4eba\u3015\u8ba4\u7f6a\u8d66\u7f6a\u793c\u4e4b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n<p>2\u65e0\u654c\u7684\u67e5\u7406\u7687\u5e1d\u554a\uff01\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u6b64\u4e8b\u600e\u4e48\u529e\u5462\uff1f\u6211\u4eec\u85c9\u4fe1\u83b7\u5f97\u7f6a\u7684\u8d66\u514d\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u798f\u97f3\u7684\u771f\u58f0\u97f3\u3002\u9a73\u5012\u6587\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u5492\u8bc5\u8fd9\u798f\u97f3\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\uff0c\u800c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u7edd\u4e0d\u80fd\u540c\u610f\u9a73\u5012\u6587\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u5492\u8bc5\u5982\u6b64\u5145\u6ee1\u6551\u6069\u4e0e\u5b89\u6170\u7684\u798f\u97f3\u4e4b\u58f0\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u82e5\u5426\u8ba4\u85c9\u4fe1\u83b7\u5f97\u7f6a\u7684\u8d66\u514d\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c82\u4e0d\u662f\u5e72\u72af\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u8840\u4e0e\u6b7b\u5462\uff1f3\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u6073\u6c42\u65e0\u654c\u7684\u67e5\u7406\u7687\u5e1d\u965b\u4e0b\uff0c\u8010\u5fc3\u5730\u542c\u6211\u4eec\u8bc9\u8bf4\uff0c\u5e76\u4ed4\u7ec6\u8003\u8651\u6b64\u6781\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5173\u7cfb\u4e8e\u798f\u97f3\u9996\u8981\u9053\u7406\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u771f\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u53ca\u771f\u6b63\u656c\u62dc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3002\u51e1\u826f\u5fc3\u5584\u826f\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5fc5\u770b\u51fa\u6211\u4eec\u7279\u522b\u5728\u6b64\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\uff0c\u6559\u5bfc\u4f55\u4e3a\u666e\u904d\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4f1a\u771f\u6b63\u3001\u8654\u8bda\u3001\u6709\u76ca\u3001\u800c\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5fc5\u4f1a\u770b\u51fa\u6211\u4eec\u795e\u5b66\u8457\u4f5c\u5bb6\uff0c\u66fe\u5c06\u798f\u97f3\u7684\u5149\u7167\u4eae\u5e76\u6539\u6b63\u8bb8\u591a\u7528\u7ecf\u9662\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e0e\u6559\u5178\u5bb6\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u906e\u853d\u61ca\u6094\u8d66\u7f6a\u9053\u7406\u7684\u90aa\u6076\u5f02\u7aef\u3002<\/p>\n<p>4\u5728\u5f00\u59cb\u536b\u62a4\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u4ee5\u5148\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u7528\u524d\u8a00\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8bf4\u660e\u51e0\u4ef6\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u5404\u7b49\u7ea7\u4e4b\u826f\u5584\u4eba\u6c11\u4ee5\u53ca\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u5747\u8868\u793a\u627f\u8ba4\u5728\u8def\u5fb7\u8457\u4f5c\u4ee5\u5148\u6094\u6539\u7684\u9053\u7406\u5f88\u6df7\u6dc6\u4e0d\u6e05\u30025\u6761\u4f8b\u3014\u9053\u7406\u683c\u8a00\u3015Sentences\u4e4b\u6ce8\u91ca\u5145\u6ee1\u65e0\u7a77\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4ea6\u65e0\u6cd5\u6ee1\u610f\u5730\u7b54\u590d\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e86\u89e3\u61ca\u6094\u8d66\u7f6a\u3014\u4e3a\u7f6a\u8865\u8d4e\uff0cpenitence\u3015\u4e8b\u9879\u4e4b\u603b\u7ed3\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4e86\u89e3\u5b83\u4e3b\u8981\u6240\u9700\uff0c\u53c8\u4e0d\u77e5\u826f\u5fc3\u5e73\u5b89\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u30026\u8bf7\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4f4d\u5bf9\u654c\u524d\u6765\uff0c\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\u7f6a\u7684\u8d66\u514d\u4f55\u65f6\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u6148\u5584\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u591a\u5927\u7684\u9ed1\u6697\u554a\uff01\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u6653\u5f97\u7f6a\u7684\u8d66\u514d\u662f\u5426\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u3014\u7f6a\u4eba\u3015\u81ea\u78e8 attrition\u65f6\u3014\u56e0\u60e7\u6015\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u800c\u4e3a\u7f6a\u5fe7\u695a\u3015\uff0c\u6216\u5728\u61ca\u6094\u65f6contrition \u3014\u56e0\u7231\u4e0a\u5e1d\u800c\u4e3a\u7f6a\u5fe7\u695a\u3015\u3002\u5018\u82e5\u8d66\u7f6a\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u61ca\u6094\u65f6\uff0c\u4f55\u5fc5\u8fd8\u9700\u7528\u89e3\u7f6a\u5462\uff1f\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7f6a\u5df2\u5b8c\u5168\u5f97\u8d66\u514d\uff0c\u94a5\u5319\u6743\u80fd\u5b8c\u6210\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e8b\u5462\uff1f\u5bf9\u6b64\u4ed6\u4eec\u66f4\u52a0\u52b3\u788c\u800c\u90aa\u6076\u5730\u51cf\u5c11\u94a5\u5319\u6743\u30027\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u94a5\u5319\u6743\u4e0d\u8d66\u514d\u7f6a\u503a\uff0c\u4ec5\u5c06\u6c38\u5211\u6539\u4e3a\u4eca\u4e16\u5211\u7f5a\u3002\u90a3\u65f6\uff0c\u6709\u76ca\u7684\u94a5\u5319\u6743\u4e0d\u662f\u751f\u547d\u4e0e\u5723\u7075\u4e4b\u804c\u4e8b\uff0c\u4ec5\u4e3a\u5fff\u6012\u4e0e\u5211\u7f5a\u7684\u804c\u4e8b\u3002\u53c8\u6709\u4e9b\u8f83\u8c28\u614e\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5047\u8bbe\u94a5\u5319\u6743\u5728\u6559\u4f1a\u9762\u524d\u8d66\u7f6a\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9762\u524d\u8d66\u7f6a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u90aa\u6076\u7684\u5f02\u7aef\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5018\u82e5\u94a5\u5319\u6743\u4e0d\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9762\u524d\u5b89\u6170\u4eba\uff0c\u7a76\u7adf\u4ec0\u4e48\u80fd\u4f7f\u826f\u5fc3\u5f97\u5230\u5e73\u5b89\u5462\uff1f\u4e0b\u9762\u8bba\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u9053\u7406\u7684\u8bdd\u66f4\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\u3002<\/p>\n<p>8\u4ed6\u4eec\u6559\u5bfc\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u85c9\u61ca\u6094\u8d5a\u5f97\u6069\u5178\u3002\u626b\u7f57\u3001\u72b9\u5927\u7b49\u7c7b\u4eba\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u4ed6\u4eec\u5df2\u5341\u5206\u61ca\u6094\uff0c\u4e3a\u4f55\u672a\u83b7\u5f97\u6069\u5178\u5462\uff1f\u82e5\u6709\u4eba\u5982\u6b64\u95ee\u9053\uff0c\u56de\u7b54\u987b\u9488\u5bf9\u4fe1\u5fc3\u4e0e\u798f\u97f3\uff0c\u5373\u72b9\u5927\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u7684\uff0c\u6216\u4ee5\u798f\u97f3\u548c\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u5e94\u8bb8\u575a\u56fa\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u4fe1\u9020\u6210\u72b9\u5927\u4e0e\u5f7c\u5f97\u95f4\u61ca\u6094\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u654c\u7ed9\u4e88\u5f8b\u6cd5\u5f0f\u7684\u7b54\u590d\u8bf4\uff1a\u72b9\u5927\u672a\u7231\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u5374\u60e7\u6015\u5211\u7f5a\u30029\u53d7\u6050\u6016\u7684\u826f\u5fc3\uff0c\u4f55\u65f6\u80fd\u5224\u65ad\u662f\u5426\u56e0\u81ea\u5df1\u4e4b\u6545\u6216\u9003\u907f\u6c38\u5211\u800c\u60e7\u6015\u4e0a\u5e1d\u2014\u2014\u7279\u522b\u5728\u8bd7\u7bc7\u53ca\u5148\u77e5\u4eec\u6240\u63cf\u5199\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e25\u91cd\u3001\u771f\u6b63\u3001\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u6050\u6016\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u6094\u6539\u7684\u4eba\u66fe\u786e\u5b9e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8fc7\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u4e2d\uff1f\u6b64\u4e24\u79cd\u539f\u52a8\u529b\u95f4\u4e4b\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u539f\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u6309\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u539f\u52a8\u529b\u5e76\u975e\u5982\u90a3\u4e9b\u806a\u660e\u7684\u8be1\u8fa9\u5bb6\u6240\u5e7b\u60f3\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u70b9\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5411\u4f17\u5584\u826f\u4e14\u667a\u6167\u7684\u4eba\u5448\u8bf7\u300210 \u4ed6\u4eec\u65e0\u7591\u5730\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u654c\u4e4b\u8ba8\u8bba\u975e\u5e38\u6df7\u6dc6\u4e0d\u6e05\u3002\u800c\u6240\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u798f\u97f3\u81f3\u5927\u800c\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u9053\u7406\uff0c\u5373\u7f6a\u4e4b\u8d66\u514d\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u654c\uff0c\u8bba\u53ca\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u5217\u51fa\u95ee\u9898\u4e4b\u5168\u6559\u8bad\uff0c\u5145\u6ee1\u7740\u5f02\u7aef\u4e0e\u4f2a\u5584\uff1b\u5b83\u906e\u853d\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u795d\u798f\u3001\u94a5\u5319\u6743\uff0c\u53ca\u4fe1\u4e4b\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>11\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e00\u5207\u5728\u3014\u61ca\u6094\u3015\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\u4e4b\u4e2d\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u8c08\u53ca\u8ba4\u7f6a\u793c\u65f6\uff0c\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e8b\u5462\uff1f\u5bf9\u65e0\u7a77\u5217\u4e3e\u7f6a\u8fc7\u732e\u51fa\u591a\u5c11\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u6240\u5217\u4e3e\u7684\u7f6a\u5927\u591a\u4e3a\u5e72\u72af\u4eba\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\uff01\u4e3a\u66f4\u52a0\u82e6\u5f85\u8654\u8bda\u7684\u5fc3\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e7b\u60f3\uff0c\u6b64\u5217\u4e3e\u8fc7\u72af\u6709\u795e\u5723\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u300212\u4ed6\u4eec\u501f\u53e3\u662f\u51ed\u795e\u5723\u6743\u529b\u8981\u6c42\u6b64\u5217\u4e3e\u8fc7\u72af\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4ed6\u4eec\u51b7\u9759\u5730\u63d0\u53ca\u771f\u6b63\u51ed\u795e\u5723\u6743\u529b\u7684\u89e3\u7f6a\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5047\u88c5\u6b64\u8ba4\u7f6a\u5723\u793cex opere operato\u3014\u56e0\u5176\u8868\u9762\u884c\u51fa\u4e4b\u6545\u3015\u65bd\u6069\uff0c\u9886\u53d7\u8d66\u514d\u8005\u65e0\u9700\u7528\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u63d0\u53ca\u4e86\u89e3\u89e3\u7f6a\u53ca\u5b89\u6170\u826f\u5fc3\u4e4b\u4fe1\u5fc3\u3002\u6b64\u4e8b\u771f\u6b63\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a \u201c\u5965\u79d8\u79bb\u522b\u201d\u3014\u53e4\u4ee3\u6559\u4f1a\u8bf7\u5b66\u9053\u800c\u672a\u53d7\u6d17\u8005\uff0c\u5728\u4e3e\u884c\u5723\u665a\u9910\u5965\u79d8\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u79bb\u522b\u793c\u62dc\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>13\u8fd8\u5269\u4e0b\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b65\uff1a\u8865\u8d4e\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u6b64\u4e4b\u8ba8\u8bba\u5b9e\u5728\u5df2\u6df7\u6742\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u60f3\u8c61\u6c38\u5211\u6539\u4e3a\u70bc\u72f1\u5211\u7f5a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c5e\u70bc\u72f1\u7684\u5211\u7f5a\uff0c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u5f97\u94a5\u5319\u6743\u4e4b\u8d66\u514d\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u90e8\u5206\u85c9\u201c\u4fe1\u5f92\u81ea\u5df1\u201d\u8865\u8d4e\u300214\u4ed6\u4eec\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a\uff1a\u8865\u8d4e\u5e94\u4e3a\u591a\u4f59\u529f\u52b3\u7684\u5584\u884c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8fd9\u4e9b\u591a\u4f59\u529f\u52b3\u4e4b\u5584\u884c\uff0c\u7531\u611a\u8822\u7684\u9075\u5b88\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u5982\u671d\u62dc\u5723\u5730\uff0c\u5ff5\u73e0\u5b50\u6216\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7686\u65e0\u795e\u5723\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u9075\u5b88\u300215\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ee5\u8865\u8d4e\u4e70\u514d\u70bc\u72f1\u75db\u82e6\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u540e\u6765\u53d1\u660e\u6700\u8d5a\u94b1\u4e70\u514d\u8865\u8d4e\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5356\u8d66\u7f6a\u7968\uff0c\u800c\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u514d\u9664\u8865\u8d4e\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u4ece\u6d3b\u4eba\u8eab\u4e0a\u5f81\u7a0e\uff0c\u5728\u6b7b\u4eba\u8eab\u4e0a\u66f4\u8bfe\u6b64\u91cd\u7a0e\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u4f46\u85c9\u8d4e\u7f6a\u7968\u4e70\u6b7b\u4eba\u7684\u8865\u8d4e\uff0c\u4e5f\u85c9\u7740\u5f25\u6492\u7684\u796d\u7940\u4f5c\u8fd9\u4e8b\u300216\u7b80\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u8865\u8d4e\u6574\u4e2a\u4e8b\u9879\u662f\u65e0\u7a77\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u96be\u4ee5\u4e00\u4e00\u5217\u4e3e\u4e00\u5207\u5984\u7528\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u8bba\u5230\u4fe1\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u4e49\u548c\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u795d\u798f\uff0c\u90fd\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9886\u4eba\u8dcc\u5012\u5c5e\u9b54\u9b3c\u7684\u9053\u7406\u4e2d\u57cb\u6ca1\u4e86\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u5584\u826f\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u4f1a\u660e\u767d\u6709\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u7406\u7531\u6fc0\u52a8\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u62d2\u7edd\u7ecf\u9662\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u6559\u5178\u5bb6\u6240\u6559\u8bad\u8bba\u5230\u8ba4\u7f6a\u8865\u8d4e\u7684\u9053\u7406\u3002\u4e0b\u5217\u6559\u8bad\u660e\u7136\u662f\u865a\u5047\uff0c\u975e\u51fa\u81ea\u5723\u7ecf\u548c\u6559\u7236\u7684\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>1. \u57fa\u4e8e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u7ea6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ee5\u4e0e\u6069\u5178\u5206\u79bb\u800c\u884c\u7684\u5584\u884c\uff0c\u8d5a\u5f97\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u6069\u5178\u300217<br>2. \u6211\u4eec\u85c9\u7740\u3014\u56e0\u60e7\u6015\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5211\u7f5a\u7684\u3015\u6094\u7f6a\u8d5a\u5f97\u6069\u5178\u300218<br>3. \u4e3a\u8981\u6d82\u62b9\u7f6a\u5b7d\uff0c\u4eba\u53ea\u8981\u618e\u7f6a\u5c31\u591f\u4e86\u300219<br>4. \u6211\u4eec\u9886\u53d7\u7f6a\u7684\u8d66\u514d\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u7740\u61ca\u6094\uff0c\u4e0d\u85c9\u7740\u76f8\u4fe1\u57fa\u7763\u300220<br>5. \u94a5\u5319\u6743\u4e3a\u8d66\u7f6a\uff0c\u5728\u6559\u4f1a\u524d\u4e0d\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u524d\u6709\u6548\u300221<br>6. \u94a5\u5319\u6743\u4e0d\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u524d\u8d66\u7f6a\uff0c\u4e43\u4e3a\u5c06\u6c38\u5211\u53d8\u6362\u4e3a\u4eca\u4e16\u5211\u7f5a\u800c\u8bbe\u7acb\uff0c\u4e3a\u826f\u5fc3\u589e\u52a0\u67d0\u4e9b\u8865\u8d4e\uff0c\u8bbe\u7acb\u65b0\u656c\u8654\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u6b64\u79cd\u8865\u8d4e\u548c\u656c\u8654\u884c\u52a8\u7ea6\u675f\u4eba\u7684\u826f\u5fc3\u300222<br>7. \u5728\u3014\u79c1\u3015\u8ba4\u7f6a\u793c\u4e2d\u5217\u4e3e\u7f6a\u8fc7\uff0c\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u654c\u547d\u4ee4\u5b83\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u5fc5\u9700\u4e14\u51fa\u4e8e\u795e\u5723\u6743\u529b\u300223<br>8. \u6559\u5178\u7684\u8865\u8d4e\u4e3a\u6551\u8d4e\u514d\u70bc\u72f1\u5211\u7f5a\u6240\u5fc5\u9700\uff0c\u6216\u4e3a\u6d82\u62b9\u7f6a\u503a\u4f5c\u507f\u8fd8\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u672a\u53d7\u6559\u8bad\u7684\u4eba\u5bf9\u5b83\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u300224<br>9. \u9886\u53d7\u8ba4\u7f6a\u8865\u8d4e\u5723\u793cex opere operato\u3014\u56e0\u5176\u5916\u8868\u884c\u51fa\u4e4b\u6545\u83b7\u5f97\u6069\u5178\u3015\uff0c\u9886\u53d7\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u6b63\u5f53\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u4e0d\u9700\u4fe1\u4ef0\u57fa\u7763\u300225<br>10. \u7528\u94a5\u5319\u6743\uff0c\u85c9\u8d66\u7f6a\u7968\uff0c\u7075\u9b42\u88ab\u91ca\u653e\u8131\u79bb\u70bc\u72f1\u300226<br>11. \u5bf9\u4e8e\u4fdd\u7559\u7684\u7f6a\u6106\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6559\u5178\u7684\u5211\u7f5a\uff0c\u7f6a\u503a\u4e5f\u5e94\u5728\u4eba\u771f\u6b63\u6094\u6539\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u88ab\u4fdd\u7559\u300227<\/p>\n<p>28\u4e3a\u6551\u8d4e\u8654\u8bda\u826f\u5fc3\u8131\u79bb\u7ecf\u9662\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u8ff7\u5bab\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8ba4\u7f6a\u793c\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5373\u61ca\u6094\u548c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002\u5018\u82e5\u6709\u4eba\u6b32\u79f0\u4e3a\u4e0e\u6094\u6539\u76f8\u79f0\u7684\u679c\u5b9e\uff08\u592a\u4e098 \uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u6539\u6b63\u5168\u8eab\u548c\u54c1\u884c\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e09\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u53cd\u5bf9\u300229\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u61ca\u6094\u4e2d\uff0c\u53d6\u6d88\u90a3\u4e9b\u56e0\u7231\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5e76\u60e7\u6015\u5211\u7f5a\u800c\u5fe7\u6101\u65b9\u9762\u65e0\u7528\u65e0\u6b62\u5c3d\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e3b\u5f20\uff1a\u61ca\u6094\u4e43\u826f\u5fc3\u611f\u89c9\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5bf9\u7f6a\u7684\u6124\u6012\u4e4b\u771f\u6050\u6016\uff0c\u5e76\u56e0\u6240\u72af\u7684\u7f6a\u800c\u5fe7\u6101\u3002\u5f53\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9053\u6307\u8d23\u7f6a\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u61ca\u6094\u4fbf\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u798f\u97f3\u5ba3\u8bb2\u4e4b\u603b\u7ed3\u662f\u6307\u8d23\u7f6a\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u7f6a\u7684\u8d66\u514d\u548c\u56e0\u57fa\u7763\u4e4b\u6545\u7684\u4e49\uff0c\u8d50\u4e88\u5723\u7075\u4e0e\u6c38\u751f\uff0c\u5e76\u5f15\u5bfc\u6211\u4eec\u4e3a\u91cd\u751f\u7684\u4eba\u884c\u5584\u300230\u57fa\u7763\u4e88\u6b64\u798f\u97f3\u7684\u603b\u7ed3\uff08\u8def\u4e8c\u5341\u56db47\uff09\uff1a 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satisfaction 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opere operato 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Aquinas 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Maccabees 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\u201c\u4e2a\u4eba\u8981\u7167\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5de5\u592b\uff0c\u5f97\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8d4f\u8d50\u201d\uff1b\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u50cf\u4fee\u9053\u58eb\u6cbf\u8857\u53eb\u5356\u4fee\u9053\u4f1a\u7684\u529f\u52b3\u4f3c\u7684\uff0c\u5c06\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u529f\u52b3\u4e92\u76f8\u65bd\u4e88\u300230\u5e0c\u62c9\u6d41Hilarius\u8bba\u5230\u611a\u62d9\u7684\u7ae5\u5973\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u65e2\u7136\u611a\u62d9\u7684\u7ae5\u5973\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c06\u5979\u4eec\u7184\u706d\u7684\u706f\u5e26\u51fa\u53bb\uff0c\u5c31\u6c42\u667a\u6167\u7684\u7ae5\u5973\u501f\u6cb9\u7ed9\u5979\u4eec\u3002\u667a\u6167\u7684\u7ae5\u5973\u56de\u7b54\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u628a\u6cb9\u501f\u7ed9\u5979\u4eec\uff0c\u6015\u4e0d\u591f\u5927\u5bb6\u7528\u3002\u4eba\u4e0d\u80fd\u9760\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u529f\u52b3\u5f97\u5e2e\u52a9\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u987b\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u706f\u4e70\u6cb9\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>31\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5bf9\u654c\u6559\u5bfc\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u5f53\u4f9d\u8d56\u7948\u6c42\u5723\u5f92\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e3a\u6b64\u65e2\u65e0\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9053\u4ea6\u65e0\u5723\u7ecf\u4e4b\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\uff0c\u5f15\u7528\u5723\u5f92\u7684\u529f\u52b3\uff0c\u50cf\u5f15\u7528\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u529f\u52b3\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5982\u662f\uff0c\u5c06\u5c5e\u4e8e\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u5c0a\u8363\u8f6c\u5f52\u7ed9\u5723\u5f92\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u63a5\u53d7\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u5c0a\u91cd\u5723\u5f92\u6216\u5bf9\u5723\u5f92\u7948\u6c42\u4e60\u60ef\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u4f9d\u8d56\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u4ee3\u6c42\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u60df\u72ec\u7942\u7684\u4ee3\u6c42\u6709\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5e94\u8bb8\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u529f\u52b3\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u60df\u4e00\u7684\u633d\u56de\u796d\u3002\u56e0\u7740\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u529f\u52b3\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u76f8\u4fe1\u7942\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5f97\u7b97\u4e3a\u4e49\uff0c\u5982\u7ecf\u6587(\u7f57\u4e5d33) \u6240\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u4fe1\u9760\u7942\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5fc5\u4e0d\u81f3\u4e8e\u7f9e\u6127\u3002\u201d\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u85c9\u7740\u4eab\u798f\u7ae5\u5973\uff0c\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u5723\u5f92\u7684\u529f\u52b3\uff0c\u5f97\u88ab\u7b97\u4e3a\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>32\u751a\u81f3\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e5f\u575a\u6301\u90a3\u5f02\u7aef\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4f4d\u5723\u5f92\u6709\u5206\u914d\u4e8e\u4ed6\u7279\u522b\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u3002\u5982\u662f\u3014\u5723\u5f92\u3015\u4e9a\u90a3Anne\u65bd\u4e88\u8d22\u4ea7\uff0c\u8272\u5df4\u65af\u5178(Sebastian)\u9a71\u9010\u761f\u75ab\uff0c\u74e6\u4f26\u63d0\u8bfa(Valentine)\u533b\u6cbb\u7f8a\u89d2\u75af\uff0c\u4f50\u6cbb(George)\u4fdd\u62a4\u9a91\u58eb\u3002\u6b64\u79cd\u610f\u89c1\u6765\u6e90\u663e\u7136\u51fa\u81ea\u5916\u90a6\u3002\u53e4\u7f57\u9a6c\u4eba\u4ee5\u4e3a\u4f18\u5a1c\u795e(Juno)\u65bd\u4e88\u94b1\u8d22\uff0c\u5983\u6bd4\u65af(Febris)\u907f\u514d\u53d1\u70e7\uff0c\u4e22\u65af\u53cc\u5b50(Castor and Pollux\uff0c\u5f92\u4e8c\u5341\u516b11 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Council of 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Francis\u5bfb\u6c42\u5904\u7406\u6b64\u4e8b\uff0c\u4f7f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5c0f\u533a\u5e94\u4ee5\u4e00\u65e5\u4e00\u6b21\u666e\u901a\u5f25\u6492\u4e3a\u8db3\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u56e0\u656c\u8654\u53ca\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u6539\u53d8\u8fd9\u4e8b\u30028\u6240\u4ee5\u5f53\u4ed6\u4eec\u611f\u89c9\u5408\u9002\u65f6\uff0c\u66f4\u6539\u6559\u7236\u7684\u8bbe\u7acb\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u53c8\u5f15\u7528\u6559\u7236\u7684\u5a01\u6743\u53cd\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u3002\u4f9d\u76ae\u6cd5\u7ebd\u65afEpiphanius\u8bb0\u7740\uff1a\u5728\u5c0f\u4e9a\u7ec6\u4e9a\u672a\u66fe\u4e3e\u884c\u65e5\u65e5\u5f25\u6492\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u793c\u62dc\u4e3e\u884c\u4e09\u6b21\u5723\u9910\uff0c\u5e76\u8bf4\u8fd9\u5b9e\u884c\u7531\u4f7f\u5f92\u7559\u4e0b\u6765\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u9886\u5723\u9910\u805a\u4f1a\u7531\u4f7f\u5f92\u6307\u5b9a\u5728\u7b2c\u56db\u5929\uff0c\u5b89\u606f\u65e5\u591c\u6669\uff0c\u548c\u4e3b\u65e5\u4e3e\u884c\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>9\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u654c\u641c\u96c6\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u9648\u8ff0\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u5f25\u6492\u662f\u4e00\u4ef6\u732e\u796d\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u7531\u6559\u7236\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u6545\u5178\u548c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f15\u5165\u7684\u8fa9\u8bba\uff0c\u56e0\u4e8b\u5b9e\u800c\u7ec8\u6b62\uff0c\u6b64\u4e8b\u5b9e\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u5f25\u6492\u4e0dex opere operato\u3014\u7531\u4e8e\u5916\u8868\u4e3e\u884c\u4e4b\u3015\u65bd\u6069\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u4e0d\u4e3a\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u4eba\u8d5a\u5f97\u201c\u5c0f\u7f6a\u201d\u6216\u6b7b\u7f6a\u7684\u8d66\u514d\uff0c\u7f6a\u503a\u6216\u5211\u7f5a\u7684\u8d66\u514d\u3002\u8fd9\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u9a73\u5012\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u654c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5728\u6b64\u7684\u9a73\u5012\u6587\u5185\uff0c\u6216\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bba\u5f25\u6492\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u4e66\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>10\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u63d0\u9192\u9605\u8005\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u7231\u5176\u5185\u65af(Aeschines)\u63d0\u9192\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\uff0c\u5728\u4e89\u8fa9\u4e2d\u7684\u4e24\u6d3e\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u4ec5\u5546\u8bae\u95ee\u9898\u4e4b\u91cd\u70b9\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u79bb\u5f00\u91cd\u70b9\uff0c\u50cf\u6454\u8de4\u8005\u4e3a\u5176\u6709\u5229\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u4e89\u6597\u3002\u7167\u6837\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5bf9\u654c\u5e94\u88ab\u52c9\u5f3a\uff0c\u8ba8\u8bba\u95ee\u9898\u8981\u70b9\u3002\u76f4\u5f85\u4e89\u8fa9\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u95ee\u9898\u660e\u6717\u4e86\uff0c\u4fbf\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u4f30\u8ba1\u4e24\u65b9\u9648\u8ff0\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>11\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u4fe1\u6761\u5185\u9648\u8ff0\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u662f\uff1a\u4e3b\u7684\u665a\u9910\u4e0dex opere operato\u3014\u4ec5\u56e0\u5916\u8868\u884c\u51fa\u5c31\u6709\u529f\u52b3\u3015\u800c\u65bd\u6069\uff0c\u4ea6\u4e0dex opere operato\u4e3a\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u6d3b\u4eba\u6b7b\u4eba\uff0c\u8d66\u7f6a\u6216\u7f6a\u503a\u6216\u5211\u7f5a\u914d\u5f97\u6069\u5178\u300212\u6b64\u7acb\u573a\u4e4b\u5efa\u7acb\u4e0e\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u4e43\u85c9\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c ex opere operato\uff0c\u5f97\u83b7\u7f6a\u7684\u8d66\u514d\u4e4b\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u85c9\u7740\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u9700\u8981\u4ee5\u514b\u670d\u7f6a\u548c\u6b7b\u7684\u6050\u6016\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u5b89\u6170\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5fc3\uff1b\u6211\u4eec\u8499\u8d66\u514d\u662f\u56e0\u7942\u7684\u7f18\u6545\uff0c\u7942\u7684\u529f\u52b3\u548c\u4e49\u88ab\u65bd\u4e88\u6211\u4eec\u3002\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u65e2\u56e0\u4fe1\u79f0\u4e49\uff0c\u5c31\u85c9\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4e3b\u8036\u7a23\u57fa\u7763\uff0c\u5f97\u4e0e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u76f8\u5408\u201d\uff08\u7f57\u4e941\uff09\u3002 \u8fd9\u7acb\u573a\u5341\u5206\u575a\u5b9a\u786e\u5b9e\uff0c\u5730\u72f1\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6743\u52bf\u4e0d\u80fd\u80dc\u8fc7\u5b83\uff08\u592a\u5341\u516d 18\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>13\u5168\u90e8\u96be\u9898\u82e5\u4ec5\u4e8e\u6b64\uff0c\u4e8b\u60c5\u5c31\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u3002\u795e\u7ecf\u672a\u9519\u4e71\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u8d5e\u6210\u8fd9\u79cd\u6cd5\u5229\u8d5b\u5f0f\u53ca\u5916\u90a6\u5173\u4e8e\u5f25\u6492\u4e4b\u5de5\u4f5cex opere operato\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u3002\u5c1a\u4e14\u8fd9\u610f\u89c1\u5728\u4eba\u6c11\u4e4b\u95f4\u751f\u4e86\u6839\uff0c\u4e14\u65e0\u7a77\u5730\u589e\u52a0\u5f25\u6492\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u540c\u7740\u8fd9\u8bb8\u591a\u5f25\u6492\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u80fd\u548c\u89e3\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5fff\u6012\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u7f6a\u503a\u4e0e\u5211\u7f5a\u7684\u514d\u9664\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u4eca\u751f\u751f\u6d3b\u4e4b\u9700\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u91ca\u653e\u6b7b\u4eba\u3002\u4fee\u9053\u5458\u4e0e\u7ecf\u9662\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u66fe\u5c06\u6b64\u79cd\u6cd5\u5229\u8d5b\u5f0f\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u5e26\u8fdb\u6559\u4f1a\u91cc\u3002<\/p>\n<p>14\u7eb5\u7136\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bf4\u660e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4f8b\u8bc1\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u654c\u66f2\u89e3\u5723\u7ecf\u8bb8\u591a\u7ecf\u53e5\uff0c\u4ee5\u536b\u62a4\u81ea\u5df1\u5f02\u7aef\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u52a0\u6dfb\u51e0\u9879\u3002\u9a73\u5012\u6587\u4e2d\u8ba8\u8bba\u732e\u796d\u7684\u8bdd\u751a\u591a\uff0c\u867d\u5728\u672c\u4fe1\u6761\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u56e0\u5176\u610f\u4e49\u66a7\u6627\u800c\u7279\u610f\u9664\u53bb\u8fd9\u540d\u8bcd\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u56e0\u5176\u5984\u7528\u53d7\u6211\u4eec\u6279\u8bc4\u4e4b\u4eba\u4e2d\u95f4\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u5bf9\u732e\u796d\u7684\u5f53\u524d\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u89e3\u91ca\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u66f2\u89e3\u7684\u5723\u7ecf\u7ecf\u53e5\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u4e86\u89e3\u91ca\u4e4b\u6545\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u5148\u8bf4\u660e\u732e\u796d\u4e4b\u6027\u8d28\u300215\u8fd1\u5341\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u654c\u51e0\u4e4e\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u65e0\u6570\u8bba\u732e\u796d\u7684\u4e66\u7c4d\uff0c\u4f46\u7686\u672a\u4e88\u4ee5\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u5723\u7ecf\u6216\u5728\u6559\u7236\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bfb\u89c1\u201c\u732e\u796d\u201d \u4e00\u8bcd\uff0c\u4e0d\u6309\u4e66\u5185\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\uff0c\u5374\u9644\u52a0\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u4f7f\u5b83\u542b\u6709\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u559c\u7231\u7684\u610f\u601d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u732e\u796d\u3001\u5176\u6027\u8d28\u4e0e\u7c7b\u578b<br>16\u5728\u62cd\u62c9\u56fe\u4e4b\u83f2\u5fb7\u62c9\u65af\u3014Plato\u2019s Phaedrus\u3015\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95Socrates\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u751a\u559c\u7231\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u82e5\u65e0\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u5f53\u4e2d\u4fbf\u4e0d\u80fd\u89e3\u91ca\u6216\u4e86\u89e3\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4ed6\u82e5\u53d1\u73b0\u67d0\u4eba\u7cbe\u4e8e\u4f5c\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u4ed6\u5fc5\u8ddf\u968f\u90a3\u4eba\u7684\u811a\u6b65\u884c\uff0c\u597d\u4f3c\u8ddf\u968f\u67d0\u4f4d\u795e\u4f3c\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u544a\u8bc9\u8bf4\u660e\u533a\u522b\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u8981\u5728\u5173\u8282\u5207\u65ad\u56db\u80a2\uff0c\u522b\u50cf\u7b28\u53a8\u5b50\u5207\u80a2\u4f53\u5207\u9519\u4e86\u90e8\u4f4d\u3002\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u771f\u4f1a\u79f0\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u654c\u662f\u201c\u62d9\u52a3\u7684\u53a8\u5b50\uff0c\u201d\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u8f7b\u89c6\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6307\u5bfc\uff0c\u6b8b\u5bb3\u201c\u732e\u796d\u201d\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u80a2\u4f53\uff0c\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u5217\u4e3e\u5404\u578b\u732e\u796d\u5fc5\u53ef\u8bc1\u660e\u3002\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u5bf9\u5723\u793c\u4e0e\u732e\u796d\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u4e88\u4ee5\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u533a\u522b\u300217\u6b64\u4e24\u540d\u8bcd\u517c\u4ee3\u8868\u4e4b\u79cd\u7c7b\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u201c\u793c\u8282\u201d\u6216\u201c\u795e\u5723\u884c\u52a8\u3002\u201d 18\u5723\u793c\u662f\u793c\u8282\u6216\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5c06\u5e94\u8bb8\u4e4b\u5185\u5bb9\u4e0e\u793c\u8282\u8054\u7ed3\uff1a\u5982\u662f\u6d17\u793c\u4e0d\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5411\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4f9b\u732e\u7684\u67d0\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u85c9\u7740\u4ee3\u66ff\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u6267\u4e8b\uff0c\u65bd\u6d17\u4e88\u6211\u4eec\u3002\u5728\u6d17\u793c\u4e2d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7167\u7740\u5e94\u8bb8\u201c\u4fe1\u800c\u53d7\u6d17\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u5f97\u6551\u201d\uff08\u53ef\u5341\u516d16\uff09\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u9012\u7ed9\u7f6a\u7684\u8d66\u514d\u3002\u76f8\u8f83\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u732e\u796d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u793c\u8282\u6216\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u5373\u6211\u4eec\u5411\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7eb3\u8d21\uff0c\u4e3a\u8981\u5c0a\u656c\u7942\u3002<\/p>\n<p>19\u732e\u796d\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u57fa\u672c\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u4e14\u4ec5\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u3002\u4e00\u79cd\u662f\u548c\u89e3\u796d\uff1b\u8fd9\u4e43\u662f\u4e3a\u7f6a\u503a\u4e0e\u5211\u7f5a\u8865\u8d4e\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u548c\u597d\u6216\u606f\u6b62\u7942\u7684\u6012\u6c14\uff0c\u6216\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eba\u8d5a\u5f97\u7f6a\u7684\u8d66\u514d\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u578b\u662f\u665a\u9910\u5723\u793c\u7684\u732e\u796d\u3014eucharistic 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23\u4ee5\u8d5b\u4e9a\u5148\u77e5\u89e3\u91ca\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u610f\u601d\u4e3a\uff1a\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u6b7b\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u7f6a\u5b7d\u5b9e\u5728\u7684\u4ee3\u8d4e\u6216\u8d4e\u4ef7\uff0c\u4e43\u5f8b\u6cd5\u793c\u4eea\u6240\u4e0d\u80fd\u6210\u529f\u7684\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff08\u8d5b\u4e94\u5341\u4e0910\uff09: 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opere operato\u7684\u548c\u7766\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u732e\u4e0a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u796d\u7684\u4eba\u786e\u5df2\u548c\u7766\u4e86\u300226\u65b0\u7ea6\u732e\u796d\u4fbf\u662f\u6b64\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5982\u5f7c\u5f97\u5728\u5f7c\u5f97\u524d\u4e66\u4e8c5\u6240\u6559\u8bad\u7684\uff1a \u201c\u4f5c\u5723\u6d01\u7684\u796d\u53f8\uff0c\u85c9\u7740\u8036\u7a23\u57fa\u7763\u5949\u732e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6240\u60a6\u7eb3\u7684\u7075\u796d\u3002\u201d\u5c5e\u7075\u7684\u732e\u796d\u4e0d\u4f46\u4e0e\u725b\u7f8a\u7684\u732e\u796d\u663e\u7740\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5374\u4e5f\u4e0e\u63d0\u4f9b\u5c5e\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u4e3a ex opere operato\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u201c\u5c5e\u7075\u201d\u4e43\u6307\u5723\u7075\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u91cc\u9762\u8fd0\u884c\u3002\u4fdd\u7f57\u5728\u7f57\u9a6c\u4e66\u5341\u4e8c1\u540c\u6837\u7684\u6559\u8bad\uff1a\u201c\u5c06\u8eab\u4f53\u732e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f53\u4f5c\u6d3b\u796d\uff0c\u662f\u5723\u6d01\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6240\u559c\u60a6\u7684\uff0c\u4f60\u4eec\u5982\u6b64\u4e8b\u5949\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u5c5e\u7075\u7684\u5d07\u62dc\u3002\u201d \u201c\u5c5e\u7075\u7684\u5d07\u62dc\u201d\u5373\u4eba\u7684\u5fc3\u7075\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u4e14\u7262\u63e1\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5d07\u62dc\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u5f53\u4ed6\u656c\u754f\u4fe1\u8d56\u7942\u65f6\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e0e\u5229\u672a\u5f0f\u5c60\u5bb0\u725b\u7f8a\u7684\u5d07\u62dc\u663e\u8457\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0e\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u5047\u5b9a\u662fex opere operato\u5949\u732e\u4e88\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4e4b\u5d07\u62dc\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u5e0c\u4f2f\u6765\u4e66\u4fe1\u6559\u5bfc\u540c\u6837\u7684\u9053\u7406\uff08\u5341\u4e09 15\uff09: \u201c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u5f53\u9760\u7740\u8036\u7a23\uff0c\u5e38\u5e38\u4ee5\u9882\u8d5e\u4e3a\u796d\uff0c\u732e\u7ed9\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u201d \u5e76\u4e14\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a\u201c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u90a3\u627f\u8ba4\u4e3b\u540d\u4e4b\u4eba\u5634\u5507\u7684\u679c\u5b50\u3002\u201d\u7942\u547d\u4ee4\u4ed6\u4eec\u732e\u4e0a\u9882\u8d5e\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u7977\u544a\u3001\u611f\u8c22\u3001\u8ba4\u7f6a\uff0c\u7b49\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u662f\u6709\u6548\u7684\uff0c \u4e0d\u662fex opere operato\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u7740\u4fe1\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u5f53\u2026 \u2026\u732e\u796d\uff0c\u201d\u8bcd\u7ec4\u4e2d\u770b\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e8b\u4e43\u85c9\u4fe1\u4ef0\u57fa\u7763\u3002<\/p>\n<p>27\u7b80\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u65b0\u7ea6\u7684\u5d07\u62dc\u662f\u5c5e\u7075\u7684\uff1b\u662f\u5fc3\u5185\u4fe1\u4e4b\u4e49\u4e0e\u4fe1\u4e4b\u679c\u5b9e\u4e8e\u662f\u5b83\u5e9f\u6b62\u5c5e\u5229\u672a\u7684\u5d07\u62dc\u3002\u57fa\u7763\u5728\u7ea6\u7ff0\u56db23\u300124\u4e2d\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u90a3\u771f\u6b63\u62dc\u7236\u7684\uff0c\u8981\u7528\u5fc3\u7075\u548c\u8bda\u5b9e\u62dc\u7942\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7236\u8981\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4eba\u62dc\u7942\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u4e2a\u7075\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u62dc\u7942\u7684\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u7528\u5fc3\u7075\u548c\u8bda\u5b9e\u62dc\u7942\u3002\u201d\u6b64\u7ecf\u6587\u660e\u767d\u5730\u5492\u8bc5\u732e\u796dex opere operato\u6709\u6548\u7684\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u5e76\u6559\u5bfc\u4eba\uff0c\u656c\u62dc\u5e94\u5f53\u7528\u5fc3\u7075\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u53d1\u81ea\u5185\u5fc3\u300228\u65e7\u7ea6\u5148\u77e5\u4e5f\u5492\u8bc5\u5173\u4e4eex opere operato\u656c\u62dc\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u5e76\u6559\u5bfc\u5c5e\u7075\u7684\u4e49\u548c\u732e\u796d\u3002\u8036\u4e0322\u300123 : \u201c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u5c06\u4f60\u4eec\u5217\u7956\u4ece\u57c3\u53ca\u5730\u9886\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u90a3\u65e5\uff0c\u71d4\u796d\u5e73\u5b89\u796d\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u6211\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u9898\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u5429\u5490\u4ed6\u4eec\uff0c\u6211\u53ea\u5429\u5490\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd9\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\uff0c\u8bf4\uff1a\u2018\u4f60\u4eec\u5f53\u542c\u4ece\u6211\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u6211\u5c31\u4f5c\u4f60\u4eec\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u4f60\u4eec\u4e5f\u4f5c\u6211\u7684\u5b50\u6c11\uff0c\u4f60\u4eec\u884c\u6211\u6240\u5429\u5490\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u9053\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u798f\u3002\u2019\u201d\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u5f53\u60f3\u5230\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5982\u4f55\u63a5\u53d7\u8fd9\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e0e\u6469\u897f\u76f4\u63a5\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u5ba3\u544a\u5462\uff1f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u786e\u660e\u767d\u5730\u5429\u5490\u7236\u8001\u4eec\u5173\u4e4e\u71d4\u796d\u548c\u727a\u7272\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8036\u5229\u7c73\u6240\u5492\u8bc5\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u90a3\u975e\u7531\u4e8e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6765\u7684\u732e\u796d\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6b64\u79cd\u5d07\u62dcex opere operato \u4f7f\u7942\u559c\u60a6\u3002\u4ed6\u52a0\u6dfb\u4e0a\u5e1d\u66fe\u547d\u4ee4\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e94\u6709\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002\u201c\u542c\u4ece\u6211\uff0c\u201d\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u201c\u4f60\u4eec\u8981\u76f8\u4fe1\u6211\u662f\u4f60\u4eec\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u613f\u6b32\u4f60\u4eec\u8ba4\u8bc6\u6211\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u8868\u793a\u6148\u60b2\u5e2e\u52a9\u4f60\u4eec\u65f6\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4e0d\u9700\u7528\u4f60\u4eec\u7684\u796d\u7269\u3002\u8981\u76f8\u4fe1\u6211\u613f\u4e3a\u4f60\u4eec\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u90a3\u4e00\u4f4d\u4f7f\u4f60\u4eec\u79f0\u4e49\u5e76\u6551\u8d4e\u4f60\u4eec\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u7740\u4f60\u4eec\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e43\u56e0\u7740\u6211\u7684\u9053\u548c\u5e94\u8bb8\u3002 \u4f60\u4eec\u8981\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u5168\u5fc3\u5bfb\u6c42\u5e76\u6e34\u671b\u4ece\u6211\u800c\u6765\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>29\u8bd7\u4e94\u534113\u300115\u4e5f\u5492\u8bc5\u4ee5ex opere operato\u732e\u796d\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u6b64\u7ecf\u6587\u5f03\u7edd\u796d\u7269\uff0c\u5e76\u8981\u6c42\u7977\u544a\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u5c82\u5403\u516c\u725b\u7684\u8089\u5462\uff1f\u2026\u2026\u8981\u5728\u60a3\u96be\u4e4b\u65e5\u6c42\u544a\u6211\uff1b\u6211\u5fc5\u642d\u6551\u4f60\uff0c\u4f60\u4e5f\u8981\u8363\u8000\u6211\u3002\u201d\u6b64\u7ecf\u6587\u5ba3\u660e\uff0c\u6c42\u544a\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5b9e\u5728\u7684\u656c\u62dc\u5c0a\u91cd\u7942\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8bd7\u56db\u53416\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u796d\u7269\u548c\u793c\u7269\uff0c\u4f60\u4e0d\u559c\u60a6\uff1b\u4f60\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f00\u901a\u6211\u7684\u8033\u6735\u3002\u201d\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u4f60\u66fe\u63d0\u4f9b\u6211\u7684\u9053\u7ed9\u6211\u542c\uff0c\u4e5f\u5fc5\u8981\u6211\u76f8\u4fe1\u5b83\u548c\u4f60\u7684\u5e94\u8bb8\uff0c\u5173\u4e4e\u4f60\u613f\u610f\u8868\u793a\u6148\u60b2\u65bd\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002\u201d\u8bd7\u4e94\u5341\u4e00 16\u300117\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u4f60\u672c\u4e0d\u559c\u7231\u796d\u7269\uff0c\u82e5\u559c\u7231\uff0c\u6211\u5c31\u732e\u4e0a\uff0c\u71d4\u796d\u4f60\u4e5f\u4e0d\u559c\u60a6\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6240\u8981\u7684\u796d\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5fe7\u4f24\u7684\u7075\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u554a\uff01\u5fe7\u4f24\u75db\u6094\u7684\u5fc3\uff0c \u4f60\u5fc5\u4e0d\u8f7b\u770b\u3002\u201d\u8bd7\u56db5\u4e5f\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5f53\u732e\u4e0a\u516c\u4e49\u7684\u796d\uff0c\u53c8\u5f53\u4f9d\u9760\u8036\u548c\u534e\u3002\u201d\u7942\u547d\u4ee4\u6211\u4eec\u4fe1\u8d56\u5e76\u8bf4\u8fd9\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u796d\u7940\uff0c\u6307\u793a\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u732e\u796d\u4e0d\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u5408\u5b9c\u7684\u3002\u53c8\u6709\u8bd7\u4e00\u4e00\u516d17\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u8981\u4ee5\u611f\u8c22\u4e3a\u796d\u732e\u7ed9\u4f60\uff0c\u53c8\u8981\u6c42\u544a\u8036\u548c\u534e\u7684\u540d\u3002\u201d\u7977\u544a\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u611f\u8c22\u796d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>30\u4f46\u662f\u5723\u7ecf\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u6559\u8bad\u6211\u4eec\u796d\u7940\u4e0d\u4f7f\u6211\u4eecex opere operato\u4e0e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u548c\u597d\u7684\u7ecf\u53e5\u3002\u5bf9\u5e9f\u6b62\u5229\u672a\u5f0f\u7684\u5d07\u62dc\uff0c\u65b0\u7ea6\u6559\u5bfc\uff1a\u8981\u6709\u65b0\u7684\u800c\u4e14\u7eaf\u6d01\u7684\u796d\u7940\uff1b\u5c31\u662f\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3001\u7977\u544a\u3001\u611f\u8c22\u3001\u8ba4\u7f6a\u4e0e\u5ba3\u8bb2\u798f\u97f3\uff0c\u56e0\u798f\u97f3\u4e4b\u6545\u53d7\u82e6\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>31\u8bba\u5230\u8fd9\u79cd\u796d\u7940\uff0c\u739b\u62c9\u57fa\u5148\u77e5\u8bf4\uff08\u4e0011\uff09\uff1a \u201c\u4ece\u65e5\u51fa\u4e4b\u5730\uff0c\u5230\u65e5\u843d\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u540d\u5728\u5916\u90a6\u4e2d\uff0c\u5fc5\u5c0a\u4e3a\u5927\uff0c\u5728\u5404\u5904\uff0c\u4eba\u5fc5\u5949\u6211\u7684\u540d\u70e7\u9999\uff0c\u732e\u6d01\u51c0\u7684\u4f9b\u7269\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u7684\u540d\u5728\u5916\u90a6\u4e2d\u5fc5\u5c0a\u4e3a\u5927\u3002\u201d \u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u654c\u8bef\u89e3\u8fd9\u7ecf\u6587\uff0c\u5c06\u5b83\u7528\u4e8e\u5f25\u6492\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e3a\u6b64\u6545\u5178\u6559\u7236\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u5a01\u6743\u3002\u7b54\u6848\u662f\u5bb9\u6613\u7684\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u8fd9\u662f\u6307\u5f25\u6492\uff0c\u5176\u7ed3\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\u5f25\u6492ex opere operato\u79f0\u4eba\u4e3a\u4e49\uff0c\u6216\u5f53\u5b83\u8f6c\u7ed9\u522b\u4eba\u65f6\uff0c\u914d\u5f97\u7f6a\u7684\u8d66\u514d\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4fee\u9053\u9662\u4e0e\u7ecf\u9662\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u65e0\u803b\u7684\u865a\u6784\uff0c\u5148\u77e5\u672a\u66fe\u8bf4\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002 \u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5148\u77e5\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8bdd\u8bf4\u660e\u4ed6\u7684\u610f\u601d\u300232\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bf4\u4e3b\u7684\u540d\u5fc5\u5c0a\u4e3a\u5927\u3002\u8fd9\u4e8b\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u4e43\u85c9\u798f\u97f3\u4e4b\u5ba3\u8bb2\uff0c\u5373\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u540d\uff0c\u548c\u5929\u7236\u5e94\u8bb8\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u6148\u60b2\u663e\u793a\u3002\u4f20\u64ad\u798f\u97f3\u5728\u90a3\u4e9b\u63a5\u53d7\u5b83\u7684\u5fc3\u5185\u4ea7\u751f\u4fe1\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u547c\u6c42\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u611f\u8c22\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u5728\u627f\u8ba4\u798f\u97f3\u65f6\u62c5\u8d1f\u8270\u96be\uff0c\u4e3a\u57fa\u7763\u4e4b\u8363\u8000\u884c\u5584\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u4e3b\u7684\u540d\u5728\u5404\u56fd\u4e2d\u95f4\u88ab\u5c0a\u4e3a\u5927\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u201c\u70e7\u9999\u201d\u4e0e \u201c\u6d01\u51c0\u7684\u4f9b\u7269\u201d\u4e0d\u6307ex opere operato\u7684\u793c\u4eea\uff0c\u4e43\u6307\u7740\u85c9\u7740\u90a3\u53eb\u4e3b\u7684\u540d\u5c0a\u4e3a\u5927\u7684\u4f9b\u7269\uff0c\u50cf\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3001\u7977\u544a\u3001\u5ba3\u8bb2\u798f\u97f3\u3001\u627f\u8ba4\u57fa\u7763\u3001\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>33\u5018\u82e5\u6709\u4eba\u613f\u5728\u6b64\u5c06\u793c\u4eea\u5305\u542b\u5728\u5185\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e50\u610f\u8d5e\u540c\u6b64\u4e8b\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u53ef\u8ba4\u4e3a\u793c\u4eea\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u6216ex opere operato\u793c\u4eea\u6709\u76ca\u3002\u5728\u9882\u8d5e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u6216\u5728\u9882\u8d5e\u7684\u796d\u7940\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5305\u62ec\u4f20\u64ad\u5723\u9053\u3002\u7167\u540c\u6837\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e3b\u665a\u9910\u672c\u8eab\u4e4b\u9886\u53d7\u80fd\u4e3a\u9882\u8d5e\u6216\u611f\u8c22\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4e0dex opere operato\u79f0\u4eba\u4e3a\u4e49\u6216\u5f53\u5b83\u8f6c\u7ed9\u522b\u4eba\u65f6\uff0c\u914d\u5f97\u7f6a\u7684\u8d66\u514d\u3002\u7a0d\u540e\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u8bf4\u660e\u793c\u4eea\u5982\u4f55\u4e3a\u796d\u7940\u3002\u739b\u62c9\u57fa\u8bba\u5230\u65b0\u7ea6\u5168\u656c\u62dc\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e3b\u665a\u9910\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u63d0\u6cd5\u5229\u8d5b\u5f0fex opere operato\u4e4b\u793c\u8282\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\uff1b \u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u4e0d\u9a73\u5012\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u652f\u6301\u4e4b\u3002\u56e0\u4ed6\u8981\u6c42\u5c5e\u4eba\u5fc3\u7684\u656c\u62dc\uff0c\u4e3b\u7684\u540d\u85c9\u4e4b\u5b9e\u9645\u88ab\u5c0a\u4e3a\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n<p>34\u4ed6\u4eec\u518d\u5f15\u7528\u739b\u62c9\u57fa\u5148\u77e5\u7684\u4e66\uff08\u4e093\uff09 : \u201c\u7942\u5fc5\u5750\u4e0b\u5982\u70bc\u51c0\u94f6\u5b50\u7684\uff0c\u5fc5\u6d01\u51c0\u5229\u672a\u4eba\uff0c\u71ac\u4ed6\u4eec\u50cf\u91d1\u94f6\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u51ed\u516c\u4e49\u732e\u4f9b\u7269\u7ed9\u8036\u548c\u534e\u3002\u201d\u6b64\u7ecf\u6587\u660e\u660e\u8981\u6c42\u4e49\u4eba\u4e4b\u4f9b\u7269\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u4e0d\u652f\u6301 ex opere operato\u4e4b\u793c\u4eea\u610f\u89c1\u3002\u5229\u672a\u513f\u5b50\u4eec\uff08\u6307\u90a3\u5728\u65b0\u7ea6\u65f6\u4ee3\u6559\u5bfc\u8005\uff09\u7684\u4f9b\u7269\u662f\u798f\u97f3\u4e4b\u5ba3\u5e03\u53ca\u5176\u5584\u679c\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\u4fdd\u7f57\u5728\u7f57\u5341\u4e9416\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u4f5c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4f20\u798f\u97f3\u7684\u796d\u53f8\uff0c\u53eb\u6240\u732e\u4e0a\u7684\u5916\u90a6\u4eba\uff0c\u56e0\u7740\u5723\u7075\u6210\u4e3a\u5723\u6d01\uff0c\u53ef\u8499\u60a6\u7eb3\uff0c\u201d\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u4f7f\u5916\u90a6\u4eba\u80fd\u85c9\u4fe1\u6210\u4e3a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u60a6\u7eb3\u7684\u796d\u3002\u65e7\u7ea6\u65f6\u4ee3\u6740\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u4e43\u8c61\u5f81\u57fa\u7763\u4e4b\u6b7b\u53ca\u798f\u97f3\u4e4b\u5ba3\u4f20\uff0c\u5373\u5e94\u6740\u6b7b\u6b64\u65e7\u8089\u4f53\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u5fc3\u5185\u5f00\u59cb\u65b0\u800c\u6c38\u8fdc\u7684\u751f\u547d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53ef\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u654c\u5e38\u5c06\u201c\u732e\u796d\u201d\u4ec5\u7528\u4e8e\u793c\u4eea\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7701\u7565\u798f\u97f3\u4e4b\u5ba3\u8bb2\u3001\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3001\u7977\u544a\u3001\u7b49\u7c7b\u4e8b\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u8bbe\u7acb\u793c\u4eea\u4e43\u662f\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u3002\u65b0\u7ea6\u9700\u8981\u5fc3\u4e4b\u796d\u7940\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5229\u672a\u796d\u53f8\u804c\u4e3a\u7f6a\u6240\u4f9b\u732e\u4e4b\u793c\u4eea\u796d\u7940\u3002<\/p>\n<p>35\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u6307\u7740\u65e5\u65e5\u796d\u7940\uff1a\u597d\u4f3c\u65e7\u7ea6\u5185\u6709\u65e5\u65e5\u796d\u7940\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u65b0\u7ea6\u5185\u5e94\u6709\u5f25\u6492\u4e3a\u65e5\u65e5\u796d\u7940\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u82e5\u8ba9\u5bf9\u654c\u4ee5\u5bd3\u8a00\u514b\u670d\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u786e\u4f1a\u6210\u529f\u67d0\u4e8b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u663e\u7136\u5bd3\u8a00\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bc1\u660e\u4ea6\u4e0d\u8bbe\u7acb\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002\u5018\u82e5\u662f\u6307\u5168\u5f25\u6492\u3001\u793c\u4eea\u3001\u798f\u97f3\u4e4b\u5ba3\u8bb2\u3001\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3001\u7977\u544a\u3001\u4e0e\u611f\u8c22\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5341\u5206\u613f\u610f\u5f25\u6492\u88ab\u4e86\u89e3\u4e3a\u65e5\u65e5\u796d\u7940\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e00\u9f50\u662f\u65b0\u7ea6\u7684\u65e5\u65e5\u732e\u796d\uff1b\u793c\u4eea\u662f\u56e0\u5b83\u4eec\u800c\u88ab\u8bbe\u7acb\uff0c\u4e0d\u8be5\u4e0e\u5b83\u4eec\u5206\u79bb\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u4fdd\u7f57\u8bf4\uff08\u6797\u524d\u5341\u4e0026\uff09\uff1a \u201c\u4f60\u4eec\u6bcf\u9022\u5403\u8fd9\u997c\uff0c\u559d\u8fd9\u676f\uff0c\u662f\u8868\u660e\u4e3b\u7684\u6b7b\uff0c\u76f4\u7b49\u5230\u7942\u6765\u3002\u201d\u7531\u5229\u672a\u5f0f\u7c7b\u4f3c\u5176\u7ed3\u679c\u51b3\u975e\u5fc5\u987b\u6709ex opere operato 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opere operato\u8f6c\u7ed9\u522b\u4eba\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\u65b0\u7ea6\u5c06\u798f\u97f3\u548c\u5723\u793c\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ed9\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u85c9\u7740\u8fd9\u4e9b\u80fd\u9886\u53d7\u4fe1\u4ef0\u548c\u5723\u7075\uff0c\u88ab\u81f4\u6b7b\u800c\u6d3b\u8fc7\u6765\u3002\u5c5e\u7075\u804c\u4e8b\u53cd\u5bf9\u4efb\u4f55\u6b64\u79cdex opere operato\u7684\u8f6c\u79fb\u3002\u5723\u7075\u85c9\u7740\u8fd9\u5c5e\u7075\u7684\u804c\u4e8b\u5728\u4eba\u5fc3\u5185\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u5f53\u5723\u7075\u8fd0\u884c\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4eec\u65b0\u4ea7\u751f\u548c\u751f\u547d\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u804c\u4e8b\u5bf9\u4eba\u4eec\u6709\u76ca\u3002\u8fd9\u4e8b\u4e0d\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u5de5\u4f5cex opere operato\u8f6c\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u3002<\/p>\n<p>60\u6211\u4eec\u5df1\u7ecf\u8868\u793a\u4fe1\u4e4b\u4e49\u548c\u5f25\u6492ex opere operato\u79f0\u4eba\u4e3a\u4e49\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u6216\u5b83\u4e3a\u522b\u4eba\u8d5a\u5f97\u7f6a\u7684\u8d66\u514d\uff0c\u5f7c\u6b64\u95f4\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u76f8\u4fe1\u57fa\u7763\uff0c\u50cf\u6211\u4eec\u9605\u8bfb\uff08\u7f57\u4e941\uff09\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u65e2\u56e0\u4fe1\u79f0\u4e49\uff0c\u5c31\u2026\u2026\u5f97\u4e0e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u548c\u597d\u201d\u5916\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u85c9\u4efb\u4f55\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u6216\u67d0\u7269\u6709\u7f6a\u4e4b\u8d66\u514d\uff0c\u53ca\u5f97\u80dc\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4e0e\u7f6a\u7684\u6050\u6016\u3002<\/p>\n<p>61\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u5df2\u7ecf\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u5bf9\u654c\u6240\u5f15\u7528\u53cd\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7ecf\u6587\uff0c\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u90aa\u6076\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5f25\u6492\u79f0\u4eba\u4e3a\u4e49ex opere operato\u3014\u5373\u56e0\u5916\u8868\u4e3e\u884c\u4e4b\u6545\uff0c\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u4eba\u4e4b\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3001\u8bda\u5b9e\u3001\u7231\u5fc3\u7b49\u3015\u3002\u5404\u56fd\u826f\u5584\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u90fd\u660e\u767d\u8fd9\u4e8b\u300262\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u5f03\u7edd\u591a\u9a6c(Thomas Aquinas)\u7684\u5f02\u7aef\u4ed6\u5199\u7740\uff1a\u201c\u4e3b\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\uff0c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e3a\u539f\u6765\u7684\u7f6a\u503a\u732e\u5728\u5341\u5b57\u67b6\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u4e3a\u65e5\u65e5\u7684\u5192\u72af\uff0c\u6bcf\u65e5\u732e\u5728\u575b\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u6559\u4f1a\u5728\u6b64\u4e8b\u4e0a\u80fd\u6709\u4f7f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u548c\u597d\u7684\u670d\u4e8b\u3002\u201d63\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u5f03\u7edd\u5176\u4ed6\u666e\u901a\u5f02\u7aef\uff1a\u5f25\u6492ex opere operato\u65bd\u6069\u4e88\u53c2\u52a0\u5f25\u6492\u8005\uff0c\u6216\u5b83\u4e3a\u90a3\u4e9b\u8f6c\u79fb\u5176\u529f\u52b3\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u8d5a\u5f97\u8d66\u514d\u7f6a\u6076\u3001\u7f6a\u503a\u3001\u5e76\u514d\u5211\u7f5a\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e3a\u6076\u4eba\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u963b\u788d\u5b83\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u65e0\u77e5\u4fee\u9053\u5458\u8fd1\u6765\u90aa\u6076\u7684\u6784\u60f3\uff1b\u4ed6\u4eec\u6bc1\u706d\u57fa\u7763\u53d7\u96be\u548c\u4fe1\u4e4b\u4e49\u7684\u8363\u8000\u3002<\/p>\n<p>64\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f02\u7aef\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u65e0\u7a77\u7684\u5f02\u7aef\uff0c\u50cf\u90a3\u8bba\u5230\u5f25\u6492\u8f6c\u79fb\u7ed9\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\uff0c\u50cf\u8f6c\u7ed9\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u65f6\u4e00\u6837\u6709\u6548\u3002\u7ecf\u9662\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u62e5\u6709\u79f0\u529f\u52b3\u7684\u5929\u79e4\uff0c\u50cf\u5151\u6362\u94f6\u94b1\u8005\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u552e\u5356\u5f25\u6492\u7ed9\u5546\u4eba\u4ee5\u6210\u529f\u804c\u4e1a\uff0c\u4f5c\u597d\u751f\u610f\uff0c\u552e\u5356\u7ed9\u730e\u4eba\u591a\u83b7\u730e\u7269\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u751a\u81f3\u5c06\u5f25\u6492\u8f6c\u7ed9\u6b7b\u4eba\uff0c\u5e94\u7528\u5723\u793c\u6551\u4eba\u7075\u9b42\u8131\u79bb\u70bc\u72f1\u7684\u5211\u7f5a\uff0c\u4eba\u867d\u65e0\u4fe1\u5fc3\uff0c \u5f25\u6492\u751a\u81f3\u5bf9\u6d3b\u4eba\u4ea6\u65e0\u76ca\u300265\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u654c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ece\u5723\u7ecf\u4e2d\u627e\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u652f\u6301\u4ed6\u4eec\u65e0\u7a3d\u4e4b\u8c08\u7684\u5b57\uff1b\u5c31\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u6559\u5802\u91cc\u6781\u5176\u5a01\u6743\u5730\u6559\u5bfc\u7684\uff1b\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u65e0\u53e4\u6559\u4f1a\u53ca\u6559\u7236\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6559\u7236\u8bba\u732e\u796d\u7684\u6559\u8bad<br>66\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7528\u6765\u53cd\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7ecf\u6587\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u8981\u8ba8\u8bba\u6559\u7236\u3014\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u3015\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u6559\u7236\u79f0\u5f25\u6492\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u796d\u7940\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u610f\u601d\u5e76\u975e\u5f25\u6492ex opere operato\u65bd\u6069\u5178\u6216\u914d\u5f97\u8d66\u7f6a\u3001\u514d\u9664\u7f6a\u503a\uff0c\u53ca\u4e3a\u90a3\u4e9b\u8f6c\u79fb\u529f\u52b3\u7684\u4eba\u514d\u53bb\u5211\u7f5a\u3002\u6559\u7236\u5728\u4f55\u5904\u8bf4\u4e86\u5982\u6b64\u602a\u5f02\u7684\u8bdd\u5462\uff1f\u4ed6\u4eec\u8981\u4eba\u660e\u767d\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u611f\u8c22\uff1b\u6545\u6b64\u4ed6\u4eec\u79f0\u5f25\u6492\u4e3a\u201c\u795d\u8c22\u9910\u201d (eucharist )\u300267\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bf4\u660e\u795d\u8c22\u9910\u7684\u732e\u796d\u4e0d\u80fd\u914d\u5f97\u548c\u7766\uff0c\u4e43\u6765\u81ea\u8499\u548c\u597d\u8005\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u8270\u96be\u4e0d\u80fd\u914d\u5f97\u548c\u7766\uff0c\u53ea\u5728\u8499\u548c\u7766\u8005\u5fcd\u53d7\u5b83\u65f6\uff0c\u4e3a\u795d\u8c22\u796d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u666e\u901a\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u654c\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u6559\u7236\u6240\u8bf4\u5df2\u8db3\u591f\u4e86\u3002\u7684\u786e\uff0c\u6b64\u6784\u60f3ex opere operato\u7684\u529f\u52b3\uff0c\u5728\u6559\u7236\u4efb\u4f55\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u96be\u89c1\u3002 \u4f46\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f7f\u6574\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4f53\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u660e\u6717\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u8ba8\u8bba\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u4e0e\u6559\u7236\u53ca\u5723\u7ecf\u76f8\u5408\u7684\u5723\u793c\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u732e\u796d\u4e0e\u5723\u793c\u4e4b\u4f7f\u7528<br>68\u6709\u4e9b\u201c\u806a\u660e\u201d\u4eba\u5e7b\u60f3\uff0c\u4e3b\u7684\u665a\u9910\u4e3a\u4e24\u79cd\u539f\u56e0\u8bbe\u7acb\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u3001\u5047\u5b9a\u5b83\u4e3a\u4fe1\u4ef0\u6216\u804c\u4e1a\u4e4b\u8bb0\u53f7\u4e0e\u89c1\u8bc1\uff0c\u5982\u67d0\u5934\u5dfe\u662f\u67d0\u7279\u6b8a\u4fee\u9053\u4f1a\u804c\u4e1a\u8bb0\u53f7\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u3001\u5047\u5b9a\u57fa\u7763\u751a\u559c\u60a6\u4e00\u9910\u996d\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u8bb0\u53f7\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u4e2d\u95f4\u5f7c\u6b64\u7684\u5408\u4e00\u4e0e\u53cb\u8c0a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7b75\u5e2d\u4e3a\u540c\u610f\u4e0e\u53cb\u8c0a\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u662f\u4e0d\u987e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u8bbe\u7acb\u5723\u9910\u4e4b\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u9014\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u4e16\u4fd7\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u5b83\u60df\u72ec\u63d0\u53ca\u4ee5\u81f4\u51e1\u95f4\u4e16\u4fd7\u4eba\u6240\u4e86\u89e3\u4e4b\u7231\u7684\u5b9e\u884c\uff1b\u4e0d\u8ba8\u8bba\u53ea\u6709\u5c11\u6570\u4eba\u660e\u767d\u7684\u4fe1\u4e4b\u771f\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>69\u5723\u793c\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u4eba\u4eec\u95f4\u7684\u8bb0\u53f7\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u65e8\u610f\u6807\u8bb0\uff1b\u6240\u4ee5\u53ef\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u65b0\u7ea6\u5723\u793c\u4e3a\u6069\u5178\u8bb0\u53f7\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u5723\u793c\u6709\u4e24\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u8bb0\u53f7\u3014\u6c34\u3001\u997c\u3001\u9152\u3015\u4e0e\u5723\u9053\u3002\u65b0\u7ea6\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u5723\u9053\u662f\u88ab\u52a0\u6dfb\u7684\u6069\u5178\u5e94\u8bb8\u3002\u65b0\u7ea6\u5e94\u8bb8\u662f\u7f6a\u4e4b\u8d66\u514d\u7684\u5e94\u8bb8\uff0c\u5982\u7ecf\u6587\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u8fd9\u662f\u6211\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\uff0c\u4e3a\u4f60\u4eec\u820d\u7684\u201d\uff08\u8def\u4e8c\u5341\u4e8c19\uff09\uff1b 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\u7167\u6837\uff0c\u3014\u4eba\u3015\u82e5\u4e0d\u771f\u6b63\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u6240\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e4b\u8d66\u7f6a\uff0c\u793c\u4eea\u4ea6\u65e0\u7528\u3002\u6b64\u79cd\u4fe1\u5fc3\u9f13\u52b1\u61ca\u6094\u4eba\u7684\u5fc3\u3002\u65bd\u4e88\u5723\u9053\u4e3a\u5524\u9192\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u8bbe\u7acb\u5723\u793c\u4e3a\u611f\u52a8\u4eba\u5fc3\uff0c\u56e0\u5448\u73b0\u773c\u524d\u7684\u4e8b\u800c\u76f8\u4fe1\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5723\u7075\u85c9\u7740\u5723\u9053\u53ca\u5723\u793c\u4f5c\u5de5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>71\u5f53\u4fe1\u5fc3\u5c06\u751f\u547d\u7ed9\u53d7\u6050\u6016\u7684\u5fc3\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u5723\u793c\uff0c\u5219\u4e3a\u65b0\u7ea6\u7684\u5d07\u62dc\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u65b0\u7ea6\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4e8b\u9879\uff0c\u662f\u5c5e\u7075\u4e4b\u52a8\u673a\uff0c\u3014\u65e7\u4eba\u3015\u6b7b \u4e0e\u3014\u65b0\u4eba\u3015\u6d3b\u8fc7\u6765\u3002\u57fa\u7763\u8bbe\u7acb\u5723\u9910\u4e43\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u5982\u7942\u547d\u4ee4\uff08\u6797\u524d\u5341\u4e0024\uff09\uff1a \u201c\u4f60\u4eec\u5e94\u5f53\u5982\u6b64\u884c\uff0c\u4e3a\u7684\u662f\u8bb0\u5ff5\u6211\u3002\u201d 72\u8bb0\u5ff5\u57fa\u7763\u975e\u865a\u7a7a\u4e3e\u884c\u3014\u5723\u9910\u793c\u3015\u4e4b\u8868\u793a\u6216\u4e3a\u699c\u6837\u4e4b\u6545\u4e3e\u884c\uff0c\u50cf\u6d77\u514b\u529b\u65af\uff08Hercules\uff09\u4e0e\u53f3\u5f8b\u897f\uff08Ulysses\uff09\u620f\u5267\u8bb0\u5ff5\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u5723\u9910\u793c\u5374\u4e3a\u57fa\u7763\u6240\u8d50\u4e4b\u795d\u798f\u7684\u8bb0\u5ff5\u4e0e\u4ee5\u4fe1\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5b83\u4eec\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u6d3b\u8fc7\u6765\u3002\u8bd7\u7bc7\uff08\u4e00\u767e\u5341\u4e004\u30015 \uff09: \u201c\u7942\u884c\u4e86\u5947\u4e8b\uff0c\u4f7f\u4eba\u8bb0\u5ff5\uff1b\u8036\u548c\u534e\u6709\u6069\u60e0\uff0c\u6709\u601c\u60af\u3002\u7942\u8d50\u7cae\u98df\u7ed9\u656c\u754f\u7942\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u201d\u6b64\u7ecf\u6587\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\uff1a\u5728\u793c\u4eea\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u627f\u8ba4\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u65e8\u610f\u4e0e\u6148\u60b2\u300273\u627f\u8ba4\u3014\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3015\u6148\u60b2\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\uff0c\u4f7f\u4eba\u3014\u5fc3\u7075\u3015\u6d3b\u7740\u3002\u5723\u793c\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u5904\uff0c\u4e43\u4f7f\u53d7\u6050\u6016\u7684\u826f\u5fc3\uff0c\u660e\u767d\u4ed6\u4eec\u914d\u9886\u53d7\u5b83\uff0c\u5e76\u5e94\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<p>74\u5723\u9910\u793c\u4e2d\u4e5f\u6709\u732e\u796d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u884c\u52a8\u80fd\u6709\u51e0\u79cd\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e00\u65e6\u575a\u56fa\u4e86\u826f\u5fc3\uff0c\u660e\u767d\u4ed6\u8131\u79bb\u4e86\u6050\u6016\uff0c\u90a3\u65f6\u4ed6\u624d\u771f\u6b63\u4e3a\u57fa\u7763\u3014\u66ff\u4ed6\u3015\u7684\u53d7\u96be\u800c\u6000\u611f\u8c22\u5fc3\u3002\u5b83\u4f7f\u7528\u793c\u4eea\u672c\u8eab\u4e3a\u9882\u626c\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u4ed6\u7684\u611f\u6fc0\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u5b83\u5bf9\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6069\u8d50\u81f3\u9ad8\u5c0a\u91cd\u7684\u89c1\u8bc1\u3002\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u793c\u4eea\u6210\u4e86\u9882\u8d5e\u796d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>75\u6559\u7236\u8c08\u5230\u4e24\u79cd\u6548\u529b\uff1a\u826f\u5fc3\u4e4b\u5b89\u6170\u53ca\u611f\u8c22\u6216\u9882\u626c\uff1b\u5148\u8005\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5723\u793c\u4e4b\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u5c5e\u4e8e\u732e\u796d\u3002\u5b89\u6ce2\u7f57\u4feeAmbrose\u8bba\u5230\u5b89\u6170\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u4f60\u8981\u5230\u7942\u90a3\u513f\u53bb\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u89e3\u7f6a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7f6a\u7684\u8d66\u514d\u5728\u4e4e\u7942\u3002\u4f60\u95ee\u7942\u662f\u8c01\u5417\uff1f\u542c\u7942\u81ea\u5df1\u8bf4(\u7ea6\u516d35): \u201c\u6211\u5c31\u662f\u751f\u547d\u7684\u7cae\uff1b\u5230\u6211\u8fd9\u91cc\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u5fc5\u5b9a\u4e0d\u997f\uff1b\u4fe1\u6211\u7684\uff0c\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u6e34\u3002\u201d\u6b64\u8bdd\u8bc1\u660e\u5723\u793c\u63d0\u4f9b\u7f6a\u7684\u8d66\u514d\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4eba\u5e94\u85c9\u4fe1\u63a5\u53d7\u8fd9\u8d66\u514d\u3002\u6559\u7236\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u542b\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u6b64\u79cd\u9648\u8ff0\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u90fd\u88ab\u5bf9\u654c\u66f2\u89e3\uff0c\u4ee5\u652f\u6301\u4ed6\u4eec\u5723\u793cex opere operato\u884c\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e14\u80fd\u3014\u5c06\u6b64\u865a\u5047\u529f\u52b3\u3015\u8f6c\u7ed9\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\u6559\u7236\u660e\u660e\u9700\u8981\u4eba\u7684\u4fe1\uff0c\u5e76\u8bb2\u5230\u83b7\u5f97\u5b89\u6170\uff0c\u4e0d\u63d0\u4efb\u4f55\u5c06\u529f\u52b3\u8f6c\u7ed9\u522b\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>76\u4e5f\u6709\u4e9b\u9648\u8ff0\u8c08\u8bba\u611f\u8c22\uff0c\u50cf\u5c45\u666e\u826f\u4f73\u7f8e\u7684\u8bba\u8654\u8bda\u9886\u5723\u9910\u8005\u7684\u9648\u8ff0\uff1a\u201c\u8654\u8bda\u5fc3\u5fc5\u5206\u8fa8\u4f55\u4e8b\u88ab\u8d50\u7ed9\uff0c\u5e76\u4f55\u4e8b\u8499\u8d66\u514d\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4ed6\u611f\u8c22\u6b64\u6177\u6168\u795d\u798f\u7684\u6069\u4e3b\u3002\u201d\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u8654\u8bda\u4eba\u91cd\u89c6\u6240\u65bd\u8005\uff0c\u53ca\u4f55\u4e8b\u8499\u8d66\u514d\uff1b\u4ed6\u5c06\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4f1f\u5927\u795d\u798f\u548c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5927\u6bdb\u75c5\uff0c\u7f6a\u4e0e\u6b7b\u76f8\u6bd4\u8f83\uff1b\u800c\u4e88\u4ee5\u611f\u8c22\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u201c\u795d\u8c22\u9910\u201d (eucharist)\u540d\u8bcd\uff0c\u5728\u6559\u4f1a\u5185\u5174\u8d77\u300277\u793c\u4eea\u975e\u4e00\u79cd\u80fdex opere operato\u8f6c\u7ed9\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u611f\u8c22\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eba\u8d5a\u5f97\u7f6a\u4e4b\u8d66\u514d\u6216\u91ca\u653e\u6b7b\u4eba\u7684\u7075\u9b42\u3002\u793c\u4eea\u80fd\u4e0d\u5728\u4e4e\u656c\u62dc\u8005\u6216\u4efb\u4f55\u4ed6\u4eba\u65e0\u4fe1\u5fc3\u800c\u6709\u76ca\u7684\u5b66\u8bf4\u4e0e\u4fe1\u4e4b\u4e49\u76f8\u51b2\u7a81\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u5f25\u6492\u201d\u540d\u8bcd<br>78\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u654c\u4e5f\u6307\u793a\u6211\u4eec\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5f25\u6492\u5404\u79cd\u540d\u79f0\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8fa9\u8bba\u4e0d\u503c\u5f97\u591a\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002\u5f25\u6492\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u796d\u7940\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u672a\u5fc5\u542b\u6709\u65bd\u6069ex opere operato\u4e4b\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u6216\u4e3a\u8f6c\u79fb\u8d66\u7f6a\u529f\u52b3\u7684\u4eba\u8d5a\u5f97\u8d66\u7f6a\u300279\u5e0c\u814a\u4eba\u79f0\u5f25\u6492\u4e3a\u201c\u793c\u62dc\u4eea\u5f0f\u201d (liturgy)\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bf4\u8fd9\u4e43\u662f\u201c\u732e\u796d\u201d\u7684\u610f\u601d\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e3a\u4f55\u4e0d\u63d0\u65e7\u540d\u8bcd\u201c\u5171\u9886\u793c\u201d (communion)\u5462\uff1f\u8fd9\u65e7\u540d\u8bcd\u4e43\u8868\u793a\u5f25\u6492\u4ee5\u524d\u4e3a\u591a\u4eba\u7684\u4ea4\u901a\u3002 \u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u8ba8\u8bba\u201c\u793c\u62dc\u4eea\u5f0f\u201d\u540d\u8bcd\u300280\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5b83\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u732e\u796d\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u516c\u5f00\u793c\u62dc\u7684\u610f\u601d\u3002\u5982\u662f\u7267\u5e08\u5c06\u997c\u9152\u5206\u8fa8\u4e3a\u5723\uff0c\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u4e3b\u8eab\u4f53\u548c\u8840\u7ed9\u4eba\u6c11\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e8b\u6070\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u76f8\u7b26\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u4f20\u9053\u7684\u6267\u4e8b\u5c06\u798f\u97f3\u5448\u73b0\u7ed9\u4eba\u6c11\uff0c\u5982\u4fdd\u7f57\u8bf4(\u6797\u524d\u56db1)\uff1b \u201c\u4eba\u5e94\u5f53\u4ee5\u6211\u4eec\u4e3a\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u6267\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5965\u79d8\u4e8b\u7684\u7ba1\u5bb6\uff0c\u201d\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u662f\u5723\u9053\u4e0e\u5723\u793c\u7684\u6267\u4e8b\uff1b\u53c8\u54e5\u6797\u591a\u540e\u4e66\u4e9420 : \u201c\u6211\u4eec\u4f5c\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u4f7f\u8005\uff0c \u5c31\u597d\u50cf\u4e0a\u5e1d\u85c9\u6211\u4eec\u529d\u4f60\u4eec\u4e00\u822c\uff1b\u6211\u4eec\u66ff\u57fa\u7763\u6c42\u4f60\u4eec\u4e0e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u548c\u597d\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>81\u56e0\u800c\u201c\u793c\u62dc\u4eea\u5f0f\u201d\u8fd9\u540d\u8bcd\uff0c\u6b63\u4e0e\u804c\u4e8b\u76f8\u7b26\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53e4\u5b57\uff0c\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u5f8b\u6cd5\u3002\u5e0c\u814a\u6587\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\u201c\u516c\u5171\u804c\u52a1\u201d\uff0c\u5982\u5f81\u7a0e\u4ee5\u88c5\u5907\u8230\u961f\u3002\u6309\u72c4\u6469\u897f\u5c3c(Demosthenes)\u4e4bLeptines\u8bb2\u8bcd\u6240\u793a\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\u516c\u5171\u4e49\u52a1\u4e0e\u8c41\u514d\uff1a\u201c\u4ed6\u5fc5\u8bf4\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e0d\u914d\u5f97\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5bfb\u89c1\u4e00\u79cd\u8c41\u514d\uff0c\u514d\u9664\u516c\u5171\u4e49\u52a1\u3002\u201d\u5728\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4fbf\u6309\u6b64\u6cd5\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\uff0c\u5982\u5e15\u513f\u8482\u7eb3\u65af(Pertinax )\u8c41\u514d\u4e4b\u5f8b\u6cd5\u6240\u8868\u793a\uff1a\u201c\u751a\u81f3\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7684\u513f\u7ae5\uff0c\u7686\u4e0d\u539f\u8c05\u7236\u6bcd\u4e0d\u5c3d\u516c\u5171\u4e49\u52a1\u3002\u201d \u4e00\u4f4d\u72c4\u6469\u897f\u5c3c\u6ce8\u91ca\u5bb6\u8bf4\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u4eea\u5f0f\u201d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4e3a\u6e38\u620f\u573a\u3001\u8239\u3001\u7ef4\u62a4\u4f53\u80b2\u573a\uff0c\u7b49\u516c\u5171\u8d23\u4efb\u800c\u7eb3\u7684\u7a0e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>82\u5728\u54e5\u6797\u591a\u540e\u4e66\u4e5d12\u4e2d\uff0c\u4fdd\u7f57\u7528\u8fd9\u5b57\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u52df\u6350\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u52df\u6350\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5723\u5f92\u4e4b\u6240\u9700\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f7f\u8bb8\u591a\u4fe1\u5f92\u66f4\u5168\u5fc3\u611f\u8c22\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3002\u5728\u8153\u4e8c25\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u79f0\u4ee5\u5df4\u5f17\u63d0\u4e3a\u201c\u4f9b\u7ed9\u6211\u9700\u7528\u7684\uff0c\u201d\u5b83\u7684\u610f\u601d\u51b3\u975e\u732e\u796d\u8005\u300283\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u591a\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u9605\u8bfb\u5e0c\u814a\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u7686\u80fd\u5728\u4e66\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u7528\u201c\u4eea\u5f0f\u201d\u4e43\u610f\u6307\u516c\u5171\u4e49\u52a1\u6216\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u53cc\u97f3\u7684\u7f18\u6545\uff0c\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e0d\u4ee5lite\u4e3a\u5176\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u5176\u610f\u4e49\u4e43\u662f\u7977\u544a\uff0c\u800c\u4ee5leita\u4e3a\u5176\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u4e43\u516c\u5171\u8d27\u7269\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff1b\u56e0\u800c\u52a8\u8bcd\u7684\u610f\u601d\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u7167\u987e\u6216\u7ba1\u7406\u516c\u5171\u8d27\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n<p>84\u56e0\u5723\u7ecf\u63d0\u53ca\u575b\uff0c\u5f25\u6492\u5fc5\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u732e\u796d\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u8fa9\u8bba\u771f\u662f\u53ef\u7b11\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u4fdd\u7f57\u4f7f\u7528\u575b\u7684\u6bd4\u55bb\u4ec5\u4e3a\u56fe\u89e3\u300285\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u5e7b\u60f3\u201c\u5f25\u6492\u201d\u7531\u4e8e\u5e0c\u4f2f\u6765\u5b57mizbeach\u575b\u3002\u4e3a\u4f55\u610f\u60f3\u5230\u8fd9\u6837\u7275\u5f3a\u7684\u8bed\u6e90\uff0c\u83ab\u975e\u8981\u663e\u51fa\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e0c\u4f2f\u6765\u6587\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u5417?\u4e3a\u4f55\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u8fdc\u5904\u5bfb\u6c42\u8bed\u6e90\u5462\uff1f\u7533\u547d\u8bb0\u5341\u516d10\u5185\u5c82\u4e0d\u6709\u5417\uff1f\u5728\u90a3\u7ecf\u6587\u5185\u8fd9\u5b57\u7684\u610f\u601d\u6b63\u662f\u767e\u59d3\u4e4b\u52df\u6350\u6216\u793c\u7269\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u796d\u53f8\u4e4b\u796d\u7940\u5417\uff1f\u4e2a\u4eba\u6765\u8fc7\u903e\u8d8a\u8282\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5e26\u793c\u7269\u5949\u732e\u3002\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u539f\u672c\u9075\u5b88\u6b64\u4e60\u60ef\u300286\u4f7f\u5f92\u6559\u5178\u8868\u793a\u4ed6\u4eec\u805a\u4f1a\u65f6\u5e26\u997c\u3001\u9152\u3001\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u4e1c\u897f\u6765\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5949\u732e\u90e8\u5206\u7528\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5206\u8fa8\u4e3a\u5723\u3014\u4e3e\u884c\u5723\u9910\u65f6\u7528\u3015\uff0c\u5176\u4f59\u7684\u5206\u7ed9\u7a77\u4eba\u3002\u540c\u6b64\u4e60\u60ef\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u7528\u201c\u5f25\u6492\u201d\u4e3a\u5949\u732e\u7684\u540d\u8bcd\u3002\u4f3c\u4e4e\u56e0\u6b64\u79cd\u5949\u732e\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u5730\u65b9\u79f0\u5f25\u6492\u4e3aagape\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u6709\u4eba\u613f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u56e0\u666e\u901a\u7b75\u5e2d\u800c\u88ab\u79f0\u300287\u6211\u4eec\u6682\u4e14\u4e0d\u8c08\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7410\u4e8b\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u654c\u8bba\u53ca\u6b64\u79cd\u91cd\u8981\u95ee\u9898\u5c3d\u8c08\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65e0\u5173\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u771f\u662f\u611a\u6627\u53ef\u7b11\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u867d\u7136\u5f25\u6492\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5949\u732e\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u540d\u8bcd\u4e0e\u90a3\u4e9b\u68a6\u60f3 ex opere operato\u4e4b\u884c\u52a8\u6548\u529b\u53ca\u5047\u8bbe\u5b83\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eba\u8d5a\u5f97\u8d66\u7f6a\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u9002\u7528\u5462?\u53ef\u4ee5\u79f0\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5949\u732e\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u79f0\u5b83\u4e3a\u4e00\u795d\u8c22\u9910\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u4e2d\u5949\u732e\u6709\u7977\u544a\u611f\u8c22\uff0c\u53ca\u5168\u656c\u62dc\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u65e0\u8bba\u793c\u4eea\u6216\u7977\u544a\uff0c\u7686\u4e0d\u5177\u5907\u65e0\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684ex opere operato\u7684\u957f\u5904\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u8ba8\u8bba\u7977\u544a\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e3b\u7684\u665a\u9910\u3002<\/p>\n<p>88\u5e0c\u814a\u6559\u5178\u4e5f\u8c08\u8bba\u8bb8\u591a\u6709\u5173\u4e00\u79cd\u5949\u732e\uff1b\u4f46\u5b83\u660e\u767d\u8868\u793a\u5b83\u4e0d\u7279\u522b\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e3b\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u548c\u8840\uff0c\u53ea\u8ba8\u8bba\u5168\u793c\u62dc\uff0c\u7977\u544a\u4e0e\u611f\u8c22\u3002\u5b83\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u914d\u6765\u5c06\u7948\u6c42\u4e0e\u7977\u544a\u53ca\u4e3a\u4f17\u6c11\u4e0d\u6d41\u8840\u7684\u796d\u7940\u732e\u4e0e\u4f60\u3002\u201d\u5176\u6b63\u9002\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0d\u542b\u5e72\u72af\u3002\u5b83\u7948\u7977\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u914d\u4e3a\u4f17\u6c11\u732e\u7977\u544a\u3001\u7948\u6c42\u53ca\u65e0\u8840\u796d\u7940\u3002\u5b83\u751a\u81f3\u79f0\u7977\u544a\u4e3a\u201c\u65e0\u8840\u4e4b\u796d\u3002\u201d\u6240\u4ee5\u7a0d\u540e\u5b83\u53c8\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8fd9\u7406\u6240\u5f53\u7136\u65e0\u8840\u4e8b\u5949\u732e\u7ed9\u4f60\u3002\u201d\u5c06\u8fd9\u8bdd\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a \u201c\u7406\u6240\u5f53\u7136\u7684\u727a\u7272\u201d\u5e76\u5c06\u5b83\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u57fa\u7763\u8eab\u4f53\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u4fbf\u662f\u8bef\u89e3\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6559\u5178\u4e43\u8c08\u8bba\u5168\u793c\u62dc\uff1b\u5e76\u4e14\u4fdd\u7f57\u85c9\u7740\u6240\u63d0\u201c\u7406\u6240\u5f53\u7136\u7684\u4e8b\u5949\u201d\uff08\u7f57\u5341\u4e8c1\uff09\u5176\u610f\u601d\u662f\u5fc3\u795e\u3001\u656c\u754f\u3001\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3001\u7977\u544a\u3001\u611f \u8c22\uff0c\u7b49\u7684\u4e8b\u5949\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u7acbex opere operato\u5b66\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e3a\u6b7b\u4eba\u7684\u5f25\u6492<br>89\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u654c\u536b\u62a4\u793c\u4eea\u4e4b\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u4e3a\u91ca\u653e\u6b7b\u4eba\u4e4b\u7075\u9b42\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ece\u4e2d\u8d5a\u53d6\u65e0\u6570\u5229\u94b1\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e3a\u6b64\u5e76\u65e0\u5723\u7ecf\u8bc1\u636e\u6216\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u65e0\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u548c\u5723\u7ecf\u699c\u6837\uff0c\u5728\u6559\u4f1a\u91cc\u8bbe\u7acb\u6b64\u79cd\u793c\u62dc\u670d\u4e8b\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u4e3a\u8bb0\u5ff5\u4e0e\u4f20\u626c\u5728\u6d3b\u4eba\u4e2d\u95f4\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e4b\u4e3b\u665a\u9910\uff0c\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u6b7b\u4eba\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u5c0f\u8fc7\u5931\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u5984\u7528\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u540d\uff0c\u662f\u5e72\u72af\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6761\u8beb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e3e\u5176\u4e00\uff0c\u82e5\u4e3b\u5f20\u4e0d\u7528\u4fe1\u5fc3\uff0c\u793c\u4eeaex opere operato\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u796d\u7940\uff0c\u4f7f\u4eba\u4e0e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u548c\u7766\uff0c\u800c\u4e3a\u7f6a\u8865\u8d4e\uff0c\u6b64\u4e43\u4e3a\u5e72\u72af\u798f\u97f3\u3002\u82e5\u5c06\u5de5\u4f5c\u5f52\u4e0e\u795e\u7236\u548c\u5f52\u4e0e\u57fa\u7763\u4e4b\u6b7b\u4e00\u6837\u591a\uff0c\u6781\u5176\u53ef\u618e\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u85c9\u7740\u4fe1\u57fa\u7763\uff0c\u4eba\u4e0d\u80fd\u80dc\u8fc7\u7f6a\u4e0e\u6b7b\uff0c\u5982\u4fdd\u7f57\u6559\u5bfc\uff08\u7f57\u4e941 \uff09:<\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u65e2\u56e0\u4fe1\u79f0\u4e49\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5f97\u4e0e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u76f8\u548c\u3002\u201d\u6545\u6b64\uff0c\u4eba\u4e0d\u80fd\u85c9\u7740\u5e94\u7528\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5f97\u80dc\u70bc\u72f1\u7684\u5211\u7f5a\u3014\u6839\u672c\u6ca1\u6709\u70bc\u72f1\u3015\u3002<\/p>\n<p>90\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u8ba8\u8bba\u5bf9\u654c\u6240\u63d0\u70bc\u72f1\u4e4b\u51ed\u8bc1\uff0c\u8b6c\u5982\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5047\u5b9a\u70bc\u72f1\u5211\u7f5a\u7684\u79cd\u7c7b\uff0c\u6709\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f15\u5165\u652f\u6301\u8865\u8d4e\u9053\u7406\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u8fd9\u9053\u7406\u6211\u4eec\u524d\u9762\u66fe\u4e88\u4ee5\u9a73\u65a5\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4ec5\u56de\u7b54\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u4e3b\u665a\u9910\u7684\u786e\u4e3a\u8d66\u514d\u7f6a\u503a\u800c\u8bbe\u7acb\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u63d0\u4f9b\u7f6a\u7684\u8d66\u514d\uff0c\u800c\u7f6a\u7684\u8d66\u514d\u5fc5\u987b\u542b\u6709\u771f\u7f6a\u503a\u7684\u610f\u601d\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u4e3a\u7f6a\u503a\u8865\u8d4e\uff1b\u82e5\u7136\uff0c\u5f25\u6492\u7b49\u4e8e\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u6b7b\u3002\u4eba\u53ea\u80fd\u85c9\u4fe1\u63a5\u53d7\u7f6a\u503a\u8d66\u514d\u3002\u6545\u6b64\u5f25\u6492\u4e0d\u4e3a\u8865\u8d4e\uff0c\u800c\u4e3a\u5e94\u8bb8\uff0c\u4e14\u4e3a\u9700\u8981\u4fe1\u5fc3\u7684\u5723\u793c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>91\u5fe0\u5fc3\u4fe1\u5f92\u82e5\u6c89\u601d\u5f25\u6492\u5df2\u5927\u591a\u8f6c\u7ed9\u6b7b\u4eba\uff0c\u4e3a\u5211\u7f5a\u8865\u8d4e\uff0c\u6700\u82e6\u7684\u5fe7\u695a\u5fc5\u4fb5\u88ad\u4ed6\u4eec\u3002\u6b64\u4e3a\u5e9f\u9664\u6559\u4f1a\u5185\u7684\u65e5\u65e5\u732e\u796d\u3002\u5c06\u7f6a\u503a\u8d66\u514d\u4e0e\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e4b\u795d\u798f\u5e94\u8bb8\uff0c\u8f6c\u5165\u865a\u7a7a\u8865\u8d4e\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u66b4\u8650\u56fd\u5ea6\u3002\u8fd9\u4fbf\u4e3a\u798f\u97f3\u4e4b\u6c61\u67d3\uff0c\u5723\u793c\u4f7f\u7528\u4e4b\u8d25\u574f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fbf\u662f\u4fdd\u7f57\u6240\u8bf4\uff08\u6797\u524d\u5341\u4e0027\uff09: \u201c\u5e72\u72af\u4e3b\u7684\u8eab\u4e3b\u7684\u8840\u300d\u8005\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u538b\u6291\u4fe1\u4e4b\u9053\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u8865\u8d4e\u4e3a\u501f\u53e3\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8d2c\u4f4e\u7f6a\u503a\u4e4b\u8d66\u514d\u548c\u4e3b\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u4e0e\u8840\uff0c\u4f5c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4eb5\u6e0e\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u5c06\u6765\u4ed6\u4eec\u5fc5\u4e3a\u6b64\u7f6a\u53d7\u7f5a\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u548c\u4f17\u5fe0\u8bda\u826f\u5fc3\u5e94\u8c28\u614e\uff0c\u52ff\u652f\u6301\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u654c\u7684\u5984\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<p>92\u6211\u4eec\u7ee7\u7eed\u8ba8\u8bba\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5f25\u6492\u65e2\u7136\u4e0d\u5728ex opere operato\u548c\u65e0\u4fe1\u5fc3\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7528\u4e3a\u5211\u7f5a\u6216\u7f6a\u503a\u4e4b\u8865\u8d4e\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u5c06\u5b83\u8f6c\u7ed9\u6b7b\u4eba\u4fbf\u4e3a\u65e0\u7528\u3002\u5bf9\u6b64\u4e0d\u9700\u591a\u8c08\u3002\u660e\u663e\u7684\uff0c\u6b64\u8f6c\u4e88\u6b7b\u4eba\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ece\u5723\u7ecf\u4e2d\u627e\u51fa\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u82e5\u65e0\u5723\u7ecf\u5a01\u6743\u8bbe\u7acb\u6559\u4f1a\u793c\u62dc\u4fbf\u6709\u5371\u9669\u3002\u82e5\u6709\u6240\u9700\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u66f4\u5145\u5206\u8ba8\u8bba\u6b64\u6574\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5bf9\u654c\u65e2\u4e0d\u660e\u767d\u796d\u7940\uff0c\u53c8\u4e0d\u4e86\u89e3\u7f6a\u4e4b\u8d66\u514d\u6216\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f55\u5fc5\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eec\u53e3\u89d2\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>93\u5e0c\u814a\u6559\u5178\u4e0d\u5e94\u7528\u796d\u7940\u4e3a\u8865\u8d4e\u6b7b\u4eba\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u540c\u6837\u5c06\u4e4b\u5e94\u7528\u5728\u4e00\u5207\u8499\u798f\u4e4b\u5148\u7956\u3001\u5148\u77e5\u3001\u4e0e\u4f7f\u5f92\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5e0c\u814a\u3014\u6559\u4f1a\u3015\u60df\u4e3a\u611f\u8c22\u4f9b\u7ed9\u5b83\uff0c\u4e0d\u4e3a\u8865\u8d4e\u5211\u7f5a\u5e94\u7528\u5b83\u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u4f46\u8bf4\u5230\u4e3b\u8eab\u4f53\u4e0e\u8840\uff0c\u800c\u63d0\u53ca\u5f25\u6492\u5176\u4ed6\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5373\u7977\u544a\u548c\u611f\u8c22\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u3014\u7267\u5e08\u3015\u5206\u8fa8 \u3014\u997c\u9152\u3015\u4e3a\u5723\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6c42\u544a\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u4f7f\u5b83\u5bf9\u540c\u9886\u8005\u6709\u76ca\uff1b\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u8c08\u8bba\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u3014\u6b7b\u3015\u4eba\u3002\u4ee5\u540e\u4ed6\u4eec\u52a0\u4e0a\uff1a\u201c\u5c1a\u4e14\u6211\u4eec\u82e5\u5949\u8fd9\u7406\u6240\u5f53\u7136\u7684\u670d\u4e8b\u4e88\u4f60\uff0c\u4e3a\u90a3\u5728\u4fe1\u5185\u79bb\u4e16\u7684\u524d\u7236\u3001\u7236\u8001\u3001\u5148\u7956\u3001\u5148\u77e5\u201d\u7b49\u3002\u201c\u7406\u6240\u5f53\u7136\u7684\u670d\u4e8b\u201d\u4e0d\u662f\u6307\u3014\u5723\u9910\u3015\u5723\u997c\u3014\u6216\u4e3b\u8036\u7a23\u5723\u4f53\u3015\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u4e43\u6307\u3014\u5f25\u6492\u6216\u5723\u9910\u4e2d\u4e4b\u3015\u7977\u544a\u53ca\u8a00\u884c\u4e00\u5207\u300294\u5bf9\u654c\u5f15\u7528\u6559\u7236\u7684\u8bdd\u5173\u4e8e\u4e3a\u6b7b\u4eba\u4e4b\u4f9b\u5949\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u53e4\u4ee3\u6559\u7236\u8c08\u53ca\u4e3a\u6b7b\u4eba\u7977\u544a\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u7981\u6b62\u8fd9\u4e8b\uff0c\u5374\u66f4\u5f03\u7edd\u5c06\u4e3b\u665a\u9910ex opere operato\u8f6c\u4e88\u6b7b\u4eba\u3002\u53e4\u4ee3\u4fe1\u5f92\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u5bf9\u654c\u5173\u4e8eex opere operato \u8f6c\u4e88\u4e4b\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u867d\u7136\u4ed6\u4eec\u5927\u591a\u7531\u683c\u54e5\u7acb\u4e0e\u8f83\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e4b\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u652f\u6301\uff0c \u6211\u4eec\u8981\u4ee5\u6700\u660e\u767d\u7684\u786e\u7684\u5723\u7ecf\u7ecf\u53e5\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u7acb\u3002\u5728\u6559\u7236\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u4e5f\u6709\u5404\u79cd\u610f\u89c1\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u662f\u4eba\uff0c\u80fd\u6709\u9519\uff1a\u800c\u88ab\u6b3a\u9a97\u300295\u4ed6\u4eec\u82e5\u4eca\u65e5\u590d\u751f\uff0c\u5f97\u77e5\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8bdd\u88ab\u4eba\u66f2\u89e3\uff0c\u4ee5\u652f\u6301\u660e\u663e\u7684\u8c0e\u8a00\uff0c\u5373\u5bf9\u654c\u6559\u5bfc\u4ee5ex opere operato\u8f6c\u4e88\u7684\u8c0e\u8a00\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u7528\u6781\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8bdd\u8bf4\u660e\u5176\u610f\u89c1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>96\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u654c\u4e5f\u8bef\u7528\u5384\u6d41\u65af\uff08Aerius\uff09\u4e4b\u5492\u8bc5\u6765\u53cd\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u88ab\u5492\u8bc5\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4ed6\u5426\u8ba4\u5f25\u6492\u5185\u542b\u6709\u4e3a\u6b7b\u4eba\u6d3b\u4eba\u7684\u5949\u732e\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u65f6\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528\u6b64\u6258\u8bcd\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f15\u7528\u53e4\u4ee3\u5f02\u7aef\uff0c\u85c9\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u7acb\u573a\u4e4b\u865a\u5047\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u4f01\u56fe\u538b\u6291\u6211\u4eec\u3002\u4f0a\u76ae\u6cd5\u7ebd\u65af\u4f5c\u8bc1\uff1a\u5384\u6d41\u65af\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e3a\u6b7b\u4eba\u7977\u544a\u65e0\u76ca\u3002\u4ed6\u3014\u4f0a\u6c0f\u3015\u62d2\u7edd\u6b64\u4e8b\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u5384\u6d41\u65af\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u63a7\u544a\u4f60\u4eec\u90aa\u6076\u5730\u536b\u62a4\u4e00\u4e2a\u663e\u7136\u4e0e\u5148\u77e5\u3001\u4f7f\u5f92\u3001\u4e0e\u5723\u6559\u7236\u76f8\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u5f02\u7aef\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5f25\u6492ex opere operato\u79f0\u4eba\u4e3a\u4e49\uff0c\u4e14\u914d\u5f97\u7f6a\u503a\u4e4b\u8d66\u514d\u4e0e\u5211\u7f5a\u514d\u9664\uff0c\u82e5\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u53cd\u5bf9\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u6076\u4eba\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5f03\u7edd\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90aa\u6076\u5f02\u7aef\uff0c\u56e0\u5b83\u5f3a\u593a\u57fa\u7763\u82e6\u96be\u7684\u8363\u8000\uff0c\u5e76\u5168\u7136\u6bc1\u706d\u85c9\u4fe1\u79f0\u4e49\u7684\u9053\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n<p>97\u65e7\u7ea6\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u6076\u4eba\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u610f\u5ff5\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e3a\u85c9\u7740ex opere operato\u7684\u796d\u7940\u914d\u5f97\u7f6a\u7684\u8d66\u514d\uff0c\u4e0d\u767d\u767d\u85c9\u4fe1\u9886\u53d7\u3002\u6545\u6b64\u4ed6\u4eec\u589e\u52a0\u793c\u62dc\u4e0e\u796d\u7940\u3002\u5728\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f15\u5165\u5bf9\u5df4\u529bBaal\u4e4b\u656c\u62dc\uff1b\u5728\u72b9\u5927\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u5e99\u6797\u4e2d\u732e\u796d\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5f53\u5148\u77e5\u4eec\u5492\u8bc5\u8fd9\u610f\u89c1\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e0e\u656c\u62dc\u5df4\u529b\u7684\u767e\u59d3\u4e89\u6218\uff0c\u4e5f\u654c\u5bf9\u4ee5\u5185\u5fc3\u4e4b\u6b64\u6076\u610f\u89c1\u4e3e\u884c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6240\u8bbe\u5b9a\u796d\u7940\u4e4b\u5176\u4ed6\u796d\u53f8\uff08\u8036\u4e8c8\uff09\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u6b64\u610f\u89c1\u9644\u7740\u4eba\u5fc3\uff0c\u4e14\u4e0d\u4f1a\u505c\u606f\uff0c\u5373\u793c\u62dc\u4e0e\u796d\u53f8\u662f\u633d\u56de\u796d\u3002\u5c5e\u8089\u4f53\u7684\u4eba\u96be\u5fcd\u53d7\u60df\u4e00\u5c0a\u91cd\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u796d\u7940\u4e3a\u633d\u56de\u796d\u3002\u56e0\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u4e86\u89e3\u4fe1\u4e4b\u4e49\uff0c\u800c\u5c06\u540c\u7b49\u7684\u5c0a\u8363\u7ed9\u5176\u4ed6\u796d\u7940\u4e0e\u793c\u62dc\u300298\u796d\u7940\u7684\u865a\u5047\u89c2\u5ff5\u9644\u7740\u72b9\u5927\u7684\u6076\u796d\u53f8\uff0c\u5728\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u5730\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u7ee7\u7eed\u62dc\u5df4\u529b\uff1b\u7136\u800c\u90a3\u65f6\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u6559\u4f1a\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u5492\u8bc5\u90aa\u6076\u793c\u62dc\u3002\u7167\u6837\u5728\u6559\u7687\u56fd\u5185\uff0c\u4e5f\u9644\u7740\u656c\u62dc\u5df4\u529b\u7684\u3014\u90aa\u6076\u3015\u2014\u2014\u5373\u5f25\u6492\u4e4b\u5984\u7528\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e94\u7528\u5b83\u4e3a\u85c9\u5b83\u7ed9\u6076\u4eba\u8d5a\u5f97\u7f6a\u503a\u7684\u8d66\u514d\u4e0e\u514d\u9664\u5211\u7f5a\u3002\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6b64\u5df4\u529b\u5d07\u62dc\uff0c\u5fc5\u540c\u7740\u6559\u7687\u56fd\u4ecd\u5b58\u81f3\u57fa\u7763\u590d\u4e34\u65bd\u884c\u5ba1\u5224\uff0c\u7528\u964d\u4e34\u7684\u8363\u5149\u5e9f\u6389\u654c\u57fa\u7763\u8005\u56fd\u5ea6\u3014\u53c2\u8003\u5e16\u540e\u4e8c\u7ae0\u3015\u3002\u540c\u65f6\u90a3\u4e9b\u771f\u5b9e\u76f8\u4fe1\u798f\u97f3\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5e94\u62d2\u7edd\u90a3\u90aa\u6076\u656c\u62dc\u3014\u5f25\u6492\u3015\uff0c\u53d1\u660e\u8be5\u656c\u62dc\u4e43\u4e3a\u53cd\u5bf9\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u906e\u6697\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u8363\u8000\u548c\u4fe1\u4e4b\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>99\u5173\u4e8e\u5f25\u6492\u6211\u4eec\u7b80\u7565\u5730\u53d9\u8ff0\u4e86\uff0c\u4f7f\u6240\u6709\u826f\u5584\u4eba\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u81f3\u70ed\u5fc3\u4fdd\u5b58\u5f25\u6492\u3014\u5373\u5723\u9910\u793c\u62dc\u3015\u4e4b\u5c0a\u8363\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u5176\u6b63\u5f0f\u7528\u6cd5\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8bc1\u660e\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u6700\u6709\u6548\u7684\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u654c\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u613f\u6b32\u4e00\u5207\u826f\u5584\u4eba\u53d7\u5230\u8b66\u6212\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e2e\u52a9\u5bf9\u654c\u536b\u62a4\u4ed6\u4eec\u73b7\u6c61\u5f25\u6492\uff0c\u4ee5\u514d\u4ed6\u4eec\u7528\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u7f6a\uff0c\u52a0\u91cd\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8d1f\u62c5\u3002\u6b64\u4e43\u4e00\u9879\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u7f18\u7531\uff0c\u4ea6\u662f\u4e00\u5927\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e0d\u6bd4\u4ee5\u5229\u4e9a\u5148\u77e5\u5492\u8bc5\u5df4\u529b\u5d07\u62dc\u5de5\u4f5c\u4f4e(\u738b\u4e0a\u5341\u516b17-46)\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u6781\u6c89\u9759\u5730\u9648\u8ff0\u6b64\u91cd\u8981\u8bba\u9898\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u7b54\u590d\uff0c\u5e76\u672a\u8c34\u8d23\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5bf9\u654c\u5982\u679c\u8feb\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u7f16\u51fa\u5f25\u6492\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u5984\u7528\uff0c\u4fbf\u4e0d\u5982\u6b64\u6c89\u9759\u5730\u5904\u7406\u5b83\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e03\u6761 \u8bba\u4fee\u9053\u9662\u4e4b\u8bb8\u613f<br>1\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u5728\u66ff\u6797\u6839(Thuringian )\u5730\u4e4b\u57c3\u68ee\u7eb3\u5e02(Eisenach)\uff0c\u6709\u4f4d\u5f17\u5170\u897f\u4f1a\u5b66\u9053\u5458\u59d3\u5e0c\u52d2\u767b\u540d\u7ea6\u7ff0(John 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Tappert\u82f1\u6587\u8bd1\u8005\u539f\u8457\u3015<br>\u6539\u826f\u6559\u4f1a\u8fd0\u52a8\u521d\u671f\uff0c\u8def\u5fb7\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e00\u518d\u63d0\u8bae\u53ec\u96c6\u6559\u4f1a\u603b\u8bae\u4f1a\uff0c\u8ba8\u8bba\u5e76\u516c\u65ad\u6240\u4e89\u8bba\u4e4b\u9053\u7406\u4e0e\u5b9e\u884c\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5f53\u8f83\u4e25\u5389\u7684\u63aa\u65bd\u672a\u66fe\u6839\u9664\u6297\u8bae\u5f02\u7aef\u65f6\uff0c\u6559\u7687\u4fdd\u7f57\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ec8\u4e8e\u5728\u4e00\u4e94\u4e09\u516d\u5e74\u516d\u6708\u51b3\u5b9a\u6b21\u5e74\u4e94\u6708\u5728\u66fc\u58eb\u963fMantua\u3014\u610f\u5927\u5229\u3015\u53ec\u5f00\u8bae\u4f1a\u3002\u867d\u7136\u8bae\u4f1a\u76f4\u5230\u4e00\u4e94\u56db\u4e94\u5e74\u4ecd\u672a\u5b9e\u9645\u96c6\u4f1a\uff0c\u800c\u96c6\u4f1a\u7684\u5730\u70b9\u6539\u5728\u5929\u7279\u57ce Trent\u3014\u610f\u5927\u5229\u3015\uff0c\u6559\u7687\u53d1\u51fa\u4f1a\u8bae\u53ec\u96c6\u9080\u8bf7\uff0c\u4fc3\u4f7f\u8def\u5fb7\u4f1a\u8005\u5fc5\u987b\u51b3\u5b9a\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u6b64\u79cd\u8bae\u4f1a\u5e94\u6301\u4f55\u79cd\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u8fd9\u70b9\u975e\u5e38\u5fc5\u9700\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u60c5\u52bf\u5df2\u975e\u8def\u5fb7\u6700\u521d\u8bf7\u6c42\u53ec\u5f00\u8bae\u4f1a\u65f6\u7684\u6837\u5f0f\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6492\u514b\u68ee\u9009\u4faf\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e94\u4e09\u516d\u5e74\u5341\u4e8c\u6708\u5341\u4e00\u65e5\u7684\u4e00\u5c01\u4e66\u4fe1\u4e2d\u6307\u793a\u8def\u5fb7\u9884\u5907\u4e00\u4efd\u58f0\u660e\u4e66\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u5728\u4f55\u4fe1\u6761\u4e0a\u80fd\u4e3a\u548c\u5e73\u4e4b\u6545\u8ba9\u6b65\uff0c\u53ca\u5728\u4f55\u4fe1\u6761\u4e0a\u4e0d\u53ef\u8ba9\u6b65\uff08\u8bf7\u53c2\u8003\u4e0b\u5217\u5e8f\u8a00\u7b2c\u4e00 \u6bb5\uff09\u3002\u8def\u5fb7\u7acb\u5373\u7740\u624b\u8457\u201c\u65bd\u9a6c\u52a0\u767b\u4fe1\u6761\u3002\u201d\u5341\u4e8c\u6708\u5341\u4e94\u65e5\u5c06\u6587\u4ef6\u4ea4\u7ed9\u5728\u5a01\u4e01\u5821\u5e02\u805a\u96c6\u7684\u6570\u4f4d\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u590d\u9605\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u63d0\u8bae\u53e6\u52a0\u4e00\u6bb5\u8bba\u656c\u62dc\u5723\u5f92\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u6709\u516b\u4f4d\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u9996\u5148\u7b7e\u5b57\uff0c\u8153\u529b\u58a8\u5170\u987fPhilip Melanchthon\u5219\u9644\u5e26\u6761\u4ef6\u7b7e\u5b57\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6492\u514b\u68ee\u9009\u4faf\u5c06\u6b64\u4fe1\u6761\u643a\u5f80\u65bd\u9a6c\u52a0\u767b\u5e02\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u6b64\u6587\u4ef6\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e94\u4e09\u4e03\u5e74\u4e8c\u6708\u516b\u65e5\u65bd\u9a6c\u52a0\u767b\u8054\u76df\u4f1a\u4ee3\u8868\u5728\u8be5\u5e02\u805a\u4f1a\u65f6\u88ab\u4ed6\u4eec\u91c7\u7eb3\u3002\u6b64\u5e0c\u671b\u672a\u80fd\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u56e0\u8def\u5fb7\u4e00\u76f4\u56e0\u75c5\u7f20\u8eab\u65e0\u6cd5\u53c2\u52a0\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c06\u4ed6\u4e2a\u4eba\u91cd\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u5f71\u54cd\u5230\u63d0\u8bae\u4e4b\u91c7\u7eb3\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u56e0\u58a8\u5c14\u987f\u5df2\u4f7f\u738b\u5b50\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u3014\u8def\u5fb7\u6240\u8457\u4e4b\u3015\u4fe1\u6761\u53ea\u80fd\u5f15\u8d77\u8054\u76df\u4f1a\u4f1a\u5458\u4e4b\u95f4\u9053\u7406\u4e0a\u4e4b\u7eb7\u4e89\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u6b64\u4fe1\u6761\u5728\u65bd\u9a6c\u52a0\u767b\u672a\u7ecf\u6b63\u5f0f\u7b7e\u5b57\uff0c\u5374\u7531\u8bb8\u591a\u51fa\u5e2d\u7267\u5e08\u7b7e\u540d\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e2a\u4eba\u56fa\u5b88\u5176\u4e2d\u6240\u8868\u660e\u4e4b\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e4b\u6807\u8bb0\u3002\u6570\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fe1\u6761\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u9610\u660e\u771f\u5b9e\u8def\u5fb7\u4f1a\u6559\u4e49 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\u5f25\u6492\u7ec8\u7a76\u7eaf\u662f\u4eba\u6240\u634f\u9020\u800c\u975e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u3002\u50cf\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u5207\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4eba\u7684\u634f\u9020\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e9f\u5f03\uff0c\u56e0\u57fa\u7763\u8bf4\uff1a\u2018\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u4eba\u7684\u5429\u5490\u5f53\u4f5c\u9053\u7406\u6559\u5bfc\u4eba\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u62dc\u6211\u4e5f\u662f\u6789\u7136\u2019\uff08\u592a\u5341\u4e949\u3002\uff09<br>2. \u5f25\u6492\u662f\u65e0\u9700\u7528\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u4e22\u5f03\u5b83\u6beb\u65e0\u7f6a\u6076\u53ca\u5371\u9669\u30023<br>3. \u4eba\u6309\u7740\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u8bbe\u65bd\uff0c\u80fd\u4ee5\u66f4\u5584\u66f4\u4f7f\u4eba\u8499\u798f\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u2014\u2014\u786e\u662f\u60df\u4e00\u7684\u8499\u798f\u65b9\u5f0f\u2014\u2014\u9886\u53d7\u5723\u793c\u3002\u4eba\u80fd\u4ee5\u522b\u7684\u66f4\u8499\u798f\u4e4b\u65b9\u6cd5\u9886\u53d7\u5723\u793c\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4e3a\u4f55\u5fc5\u987b\u4e3a\u4e00\u4ef6\u634f\u9020\u65e0\u6240\u9700\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u8feb\u4f7f\u4e16\u4eba\u6b65\u5165\u7978\u60a3\u4e0e\u56f0\u96be\u4e2d\u5462\uff1f4<br>\u201c\u767e\u59d3\u5e94\u516c\u5f00\u5f97\u542c\u8bb2\u5f25\u6492\u5982\u4f55\u4e3a\u65e0\u4ef7\u7684\u9970\u7269\uff0c\u80fd\u7701\u7565\u4e4b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u7b97\u4e3a\u7f6a\uff0c\u8c01\u82e5\u4e0d\u9075\u5b88\u5b83\uff0c\u8c01\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53d7\u5492\u8bc5\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u80fd\u4e0d\u7528\u5f25\u6492\u800c\u4ee5\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f97\u6551\u30025\u6211\u6562\u8bf4\uff0c\u90a3\u65f6\u8fd9\u5f25\u6492\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u4f46\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7c97\u9c81\u7684\u611a\u6c11\uff0c\u4ea6\u5bf9\u4e00\u5207\u8654\u8bda\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\uff0c\u6709\u7406\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u656c\u754f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u2014\u2014\u672c\u8eab\u5c82\u4e0d\u8981\u5e9f\u6b62\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5f53\u4ed6\u4eec\u542c\u95fb\u5f25\u6492\u662f\u4e0d\u5408\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9053\u4e0e\u65e8\u610f\u6784\u6210\u634f\u9020\u5371\u9669\u7684\u4e8b\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>4. 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Augustine, St. 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:\u201c\u79bb\u5f03\u771f\u9053\u4e4b\u4eba\u7684\u8beb\u547d\u3002\u201d 2\u5f53\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bf4\uff1a\u4eba\u82e5\u5e72\u72af\u4e0d\u5b88\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6761\u5f8b\u4e43\u4e3a\u6b7b\u7f6a(mortal sin)\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u4e0d\u5bf9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6761\u6b3e\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u5fc5\u987b\u575a\u6301\u7684\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u613f\u610f\uff0c\u6211\u613f\u81f3\u6b7b\u575a\u6301\u3002\u6211\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u5982\u4f55\u66f4\u6539\u6216\u8ba9\u6b65\u3002\u82e5\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u613f\u4f5c\u67d0\u9000\u8ba9\uff0c\u8ba9\u4ed6\u5192\u81ea\u5df1\u826f\u5fc3\u7684\u5371\u9669\u53bb\u4f5c\u5427\u3002<\/p>\n<p>4\u672b\u4e86\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u6559\u7687\u6ee1\u888b\u5b50\u7684\u9b54\u672f\u8be1\u8ba1\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u542b\u6709\u611a\u6627\u5e7c\u7a1a\u7684\u6761\u6b3e\uff0c\u8bf8\u5982\u5949\u732e\u6559\u5802\u3001\u65bd\u6d17\u949f\u3001\u575b\u77f3\u6d17\u793c\u3001\u8bf7\u6559\u7236\u6559\u6bcd\u6765\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u793c\u8282\u65bd\u6350\uff0c\u7b49\u3002\u6b64\u79cd\u65bd\u6d17\u6cd5\u4e43\u4e3a\u5723\u6d17\u793c\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u4fae\u8fb1\u5632\u5f04\uff0c\u6545\u6b64\u4e0d\u53ef\u5bb9\u5fcd\u5b83\u30025\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8bba\u5230\u5949\u4e3a\u5723\u7684\u7ec6\u8721\u70db\u3001\u68d5\u6811\u679d\u3001\u9999\u6599\u3001\u71d5\u9ea6\u3001\u997c\uff0c\u7b49\u3002\u4e0d\u80fd\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u5949\u4e3a\u5723\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5b83\u4eec\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u662f\uff0c\u4ec5\u662f\u4fae\u8fb1\u4e0e\u6b3a\u8bc8\u3002\u6b64\u79cd\u671f\u8bc8\u65e0\u53ef\u8ba1\u6570\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5b83\u4ecb\u7ecd\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u548c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u795e\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5c0a\u656c\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u56e0\u4e4b\u75b2\u5026\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u613f\u540c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7275\u6d89\u5728\u5185\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9a6c\u4e01\u8def\u5fb7\u535a\u58eb Dr. Martin Luther\u7b7e\u7f72<br>\u72b9\u671f\u90fd\u90c1\u7eb3\u65af\u535a\u58eb\uff0c\u6559\u533a\u957fDr. Justus Jonas\u4eb2\u624b\u7b7e\u7f72<br>\u7ea6\u7ff0\u5e03\u6839\u54c8\u6839\u535a\u58eb\uff0c\u670b\u9ea6\u6069Dr. John Bugenhagen\u526f\u7f72<br>\u8fe6\u65af\u5e15\u514b\u5229\u5179\u9769\u535a\u58eb Dr. Caspar Creutziger<br>\u9a6c\u5fb7\u5821\u4e4b\u5c3c\u54e5\u62c9\u5b89\u65af\u591a\u5f17Nicholas Amsdorf\u526f\u7f72<br>\u963f\u52d2\u987f\u5821\u4e4b\u4f50\u6cbb\u65af\u5df4\u62c9\u4e01 George Spalatin\u526f\u7f72<br>\u4f59\uff08\u6211\uff09\uff0c\u8153\u529b\u58a8\u5170\u987f\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5404\u6761\u6b3e\u4e3a\u6b63\u786e\u4e14\u57fa\u7763\u5316\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6559\u7687\uff0c\u6211\u5219\u575a\u6301\uff1a\u4ed6\u82e5\u51c6\u8bb8\u798f\u97f3\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u5bb9\u8bb8\u4ed6\u7531\u4e8e\u4eba\u6743\u5177\u6709\u9ad8\u8fc7\u4e3b\u6559\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u4e3a\u5728\u4ed6\u624b\u4e0b\uff0c\u6216\u5c06\u8981\u5728\u4ed6\u624b\u4e0b\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u4e4b\u548c\u7766\u4e0e\u666e\u4e16\u5408\u4e00\u4e4b\u6545\uff0c\u9644\u5e26\u4f5c\u6b64\u58f0\u660e\u3002Ph. Melanchthon<br>\u57c3\u65af\u52d2\u672c\u4e4b\u7ea6\u7ff0\u963f\u57fa\u67ef\u62c9John Agricola\u7f72\u540d<br>\u8fe6\u4f2f\u5217\u72c4\u72c4\u739b\u65afGabriel Didymus\u7f72\u540d<br>\u4f59\uff0c\u4e4c\u8033\u73ed\u745e\u7ea0\u535a\u58ebUrban Rhegius,\u5415\u6d85\u5821\u516c\u56fd\u5404\u6559\u4f1a\u4e4b\u76d1\u7763\uff0c\u4eb2\u81ea\u4e14\u4ee3\u8868\u6211\u5f1f\u5144\u53ca\u6c49\u8bfa\u5a01\u6559\u4f1a\u7b7e\u7f72<br>\u4f59\uff0c\u53f8\u63d0\u53cd\u963f\u5176\u79d1\u62c9\uff0c\u548c\u592b\u4e4b\u7267\u5e08Stephen Agricola\u7b7e\u7f72<br>\u4f59\uff0c\u9a6c\u5c14\u5821\u4e4b\u6559\u6388\u7267\u5e08\u7ea6\u7ff0\u5fb7\u62c9\u514bJohn Drach\u7b7e\u7f72<br>\u4f59\uff0c\u5eb7\u62c9\u5fb7\u83f2\u6839\u5ea6\u5179Conrad Figenbotz\u4e3a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u8363\u8000\u7b7e\u540d\uff0c\u627f\u8ba4\u6211\u6309\u4e0a\u8ff0\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u53ca\u4ecd\u4f20\u8bb2\u4e0e\u575a\u4fe1\u7684\u3002<br>\u4f59\uff0c\u5415\u4ec1\u5821\u7267\u5e08\u5b89\u5fb7\u70c8\u963f\u897f\u5b89\u5fb7\u5c14Andrew Osiander\u7b7e\u7f72<br>\u4f59\uff0c\u5415\u4ec1\u5821\u7267\u5e08\u5a01\u7279\u5e95\u7279\u5f8b\u6559\u5e08Master Veit Dietrich \u7b7e\u7f72<br>\u4f59\uff0c\u65af\u5f92\u5609\u5fb7\u4f20\u9053\u4eba\u5384\u5c14\u54c8\u5fb7\u65bd\u5185\u666e\u5f17Erhard Schnepf \u7b7e\u7f72<br>\u798f\u6b21\u4ea5\u8c1f\u4e4b\u4e4c\u5c14\u7acb\u514b\u516c\u7235\u4f20\u9053\u4eba\u5eb7\u4f4d\u5fb7\u5384\u4ead\u9769Conrad Oettinger<br>\u514b\u5185\u7ec6\u59c6\u6559\u4f1a\u7267\u5e08\u897f\u95e8\u58eb\u5185\u5a01\u5179Simon Schneeweiss<br>\u4f59\uff0c\u79d1\u987f\u6559\u4f1a\u7267\u5e08\u7ea6\u7ff0\u5e0c\u62c9\u6839\u8c6a\u82acJohn Schlagenhaufen\u7b7e\u7f72<br>\u798f\u8033\u8d6b\u6c49\u59c6\u4e4b\u4f50\u6cbb\u8d6b\u7279\u6559\u5e08Master George Helt<br>\u5f17\u5c14\u8fbe\u4e9a\u5f53\u6559\u5e08Master Adam of Fulda\uff0c\u9ed1\u68ee\u4e4b\u4f20\u9053\u4eba<br>\u5b89\u591a\u5c3c\u52aa\u79d1\u5c14\u6587\u90a3\u65af\u6559\u5e08Anthony Corrinus<br>\u4f59\uff0c\u670b\u9ea6\u6069\u4eba\u7ea6\u7ff0\u5e03\u6839\u54c8\u6839\u535a\u58eb\uff0c\u4ee5\u7ea6\u7ff0\u5e03\u4ec1\u6b21\u6559\u5e08John Brenz\u4e4b\u540d\u518d\u7b7e\u7f72\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u79bb\u5f00\u65bd\u9a6c\u52a0\u767b\u65f6\uff0c\u66fe\u53e3\u8ff0\u4e14\u6765\u4fe1\u6307\u793a\u6211\uff0c\u6211\u66fe\u5c06\u6b64\u4fe1\u7ed9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7b7e\u540d\u7684\u5f1f\u5144\u770b<br>\u4f59\uff0c\u4e22\u5c3c\u4fee\u9ea6\u5170\u5fb7\u5c14Dionysius Melander\u5728\u4fe1\u6761\uff0c\u8fa9\u62a4\u8bba\u7b7e\u7f72\uff0c\u53ca\u5a01\u4e01\u5821\u4e4b\u534f\u540c\u5173\u4e8e\u5723\u665a\u9910\u4ea6\u7136<br>\u53f8\u7279\u4e01\u76d1\u7763\u4fdd\u7f57\u7f57\u5fb7Pail Rhode<br>\u6c11\u767b\u6559\u4f1a\u76d1\u7763\u9769\u5c14\u54c8\u5fb7\u5384\u6069\u80afGerard Oemcken<br>\u4f59\uff0c\u5e03\u7acb\u514b\u4fee\u632a\u5854\u90a3\u65afBrixius Northanus\uff0c\u745f\u65af\u7279Soest \u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4f1a\u7267\u5e08\u4e8e\u53ef\u5c0a\u4e4b\u7236\uff08\u795e\u7236\uff09\uff0c\u9a6c\u4e01\u8def\u5fb7\u6761\u6b3e\u4e0a\u7b7e\u540d\uff0c\u627f\u8ba4\u6211\u7d20\u6765\u5982\u6b64\u76f8\u4fe1\u53ca\u6559\u5bfc\u4eba\uff0c\u85c9\u7740\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u7075\uff0c\u6211\u5fc5\u5982\u662f\u7ee7\u7eed\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e0e\u6559\u5bfc\u4eba<br>\u7c73\u8fe6\u52d2\u64a4\u7559\u65afMichael Caelius\uff0c\u66fc\u65af\u83f2\u5f97\u4f20\u9053\u4eba\u7f72<br>\u5f7c\u5f97\u9769\u52d2\u7279\u5c14\u6559\u5e08Peter Geltner\uff0c\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\u4f20\u9053\u4eba\u7f72<br>\u6587\u8fbe\u6cd5\u4f2f\u5c14Wendal Faber\uff0c\u66fc\u65af\u975e\u5f97\u4e4b\u897f\u5821\u7267\u5e08\u7f72<br>\u4f59\uff0c\u7ea6\u7ff0\u5384\u76ae\u9c81\u65afJohn Aepinus\u7f72<br>\u4f59\uff0c\u5e03\u52d2\u95e8\u4e4b\u7ea6\u7ff0\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39John Amsterdam\u7f72<br>\u4f59\uff0c\u8153\u5fb7\u5229\u7c73\u79d1\u7ebd\u65afFrederick Myconius\uff0c\u66ff\u6797\u6839\u7684\u54e5\u4ed6\u4e4b\u6559\u4f1a\u7267\u5e08\uff0c\u4e3a\u4f59\u7b7e\u540d\uff0c\u53c8\u5949\u57c3\u68ee\u7eb3\u4e4b\u72b9\u58eb\u90fd\u6885\u725b\u65afJustus Menius\u4ee3\u7f72<\/p>\n<p>\u4f59\uff0c\u6717\u7ea6\u7ff0\u535a\u58eb Dr. John Lang \uff0c\u8033\u5f17\u7279\u6559\u4f1a\u4f20\u9053\u4eba\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f59\u4e4b\u540d\u53ca\u4e3a\u5176\u4ed6\u798f\u97f3\u4e0a\u540c\u5de5\u4e4b\u540d\u7b7e\u7f72\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<br>\u7f8e\u5c14\u9882\u6839\u4e4b\u6709\u6743\u4f20\u9053\u4eba\u8def\u6613\u65af\u4f2f\u62c9\u5179\u7267\u5e08Licentiate Louis Platz<br>\u6559\u5e08\u897f\u5409\u58eb\u8499\u514b\u5176\u5c3c\u5c14\u7267\u5e08Sigismund Kirchner<br>\u7a9d\u5bcc\u5188\u542f\u58eb\u5a01\u7279\u7267\u5e08Rev. Wolfgang Kiswetter<br>\u7c73\u5c14\u57fa\u963f\u5a01\u7279\u66fc\u7267\u5e08Rev. Melchior Weitmann<br>\u7ea6\u7ff0\u5854\u52d2\u7267\u5e08Rev. John Thall<br>\u7ea6\u7ff0\u57fa\u5229\u5b89\u7267\u5e08Rev. John Kilian<br>\u5c3c\u54e5\u62c9\u65af\u6cd5\u4f2f\u5c14\u7267\u5e08Nicholas Faber<br>\u5b89\u5f97\u70c8\u95e8\u820d\u5c14\u7267\u5e08Andrew Menser \uff08\u7531\u4f59\u4eb2\u81ea\u7b7e\u7f72\uff09<br>\u5e76\u4e14\uff0c\u57c3\u57fa\u4e22\u65af\u9ea6\u52d2\u8d6b\u5c14Egidius Melcher\u7ecf\u4f59\u4eb2\u624b\u7b7e\u7f72<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"5\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u4f0d<br>\u8bba\u6559\u7687\u6743\u4e0e\u9996\u4f4d<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u4e94\u4e09\u4e03\u5e74\u4e8e\u65bd\u9a6c\u52a0\u767b\u805a\u4f1a\u65f6\u4e4b\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u5408\u7f16<\/p>\n<p>\u5386\u53f2\u5c0f\u5f15<br>\u3010\u6cf0\u67cf\u7279Theodore G. Tappert\u82f1\u6587\u8bd1\u8005\u539f\u8457\u3011<br>\u867d\u7136\u65bd\u9a6c\u52a0\u767b\u8054\u76df\u4ee3\u8868\u4e00\u4e94\u4e09\u4e03\u5e74\u4e8c\u6708\u521d\u805a\u4f1a\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u91c7\u7eb3\u8def\u5fb7\u6240\u9884\u5907\u7684\u6761\u6b3e\uff08\u53c2\u770b\u524d\u9762\u65bd\u9a6c\u52a0\u767b\u6761\u6b3e\u5c0f\u5f15\uff09\uff0c\u4eba\u7686\u611f\u89c9\u6709\u8bc4\u8bba\u6559\u7687\u53ca\u5176\u6743\u529b\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u56e0\u6559\u7687\u4fdd\u7f57\u4e09\u4e16\u66fe\u53ec\u96c6\u6559\u4f1a\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u9884\u5b9a\u6b21\u5e74\u5728\u66fc\u571f\u963f\u5f00\u4f1a\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u6307\u51fa\u539f\u6b32\u5c06\u8bba\u6b64\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u9648\u8ff0\u5305\u542b\u5728\u5965\u65af\u5821\u4fe1\u6761\u5185\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4ec5\u4e3a\u907f\u514d\u89e6\u6012\u7687\u4e0a\u800c\u7701\u7565\u6b64\u79cd\u9648\u8ff0\uff0c\u514d\u5374\u4ed6\u7ed3\u675f\u5728\u5965\u65af\u5821\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u5b97\u6559\u4e4b\u533a\u522b\u3002\u56e0\u76ee\u524d\u60c5\u52bf\u4f3c\u4e4e\u9700\u8981\u4ece\u524d\u672a\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u4e8b\u3014\u5373\u8bba\u6559\u7687\u6743\u4e0e\u9996\u4f4d\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u3015\uff0c\u51fa\u5e2d\u65bd\u9a6c\u52a0\u767b\u4f1a\u8bae\u7684\u7267\u5e08\u4eec\u88ab\u6307\u793a\u9884\u5907\u6b64\u7c7b\u9648\u8ff0\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5374\u5c06\u6b64\u4e8b\u6258\u4ed8\u8153\u529b\u58a8\u5170\u987f\uff0c\u51e0\u5929\u5de5\u592b\u4ed6\u4fbf\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u201c\u6559\u7687\u6743\u4e0e\u9996\u4f4d\u8bba\u6587\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6b64\u8bba\u6587\u4e0e\u65bd\u9a6c\u52a0\u767b\u6761\u6b3e\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6b63\u5f0f\u5728\u65bd\u9a6c\u52a0\u767b\u5e02\u88ab\u91c7\u7eb3\u4e3a\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4fe1\u6761\u3002\u6b32\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5965\u65af\u5821\u4fe1\u6761\u4e4b\u9644\u4ef6\uff0c\u4e0d\u6b32\u7167\u539f\u5047\u8bbe\u4e3a\u65bd\u9a6c\u52a0\u767b\u6761\u6b3e\u4e4b\u9644\u5f55\u3002\u6b64\u8bba\u6587\u7ecf\u51fa\u5e2d\u7684\u5404\u4f4d\u7267\u5e08\u7b7e\u5b57\uff1b\u8def\u5fb7\u56e0\u75c5\u91cd\u672a\u51fa\u5e2d\u7b7e\u5b57\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u82f1\u6587\u8bd1\u672c\u6839\u636e\u62c9\u4e01\u6587\u672c\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u540e\u671f\u5fb7\u8bd1\u672c\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u4e14\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u9648\u8ff0\u7684\u8bed\u53e5\u88ab\u6307\u51fa\u4e8e\u6ce8\u811a\u5185\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8bba\u6559\u7687\u6743\u4e0e\u9996\u4f4d<br>1\u7f57\u9a6c\u57ce\u4e3b\u6559\u64c5\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u6709\u795e\u5723\u6743\u529b\u9ad8\u8d85\u4e8e\u4e00\u5207\u4e3b\u6559\u4e0e\u7267\u5e08\u3002\u5e76\u4e14\u53c8\u79f0\u4ed6\u56e0\u795e\u5723\u6743\u529b\u4f69\u6709\u4e24\u67c4\u5251\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u65bd\u4e0e\u548c\u53d8\u66f4\u738b\u56fd\u30022 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6761\u6b3eDr. John Bugenhagen<br>\u4f59\uff0c\u4e4c\u5c14\u73ed\u745e\u7ea0\u535a\u58eb\uff0c\u5415\u6e7c\u5821\u516c\u56fd\u5404\u6559\u4f1a\u76d1\u7763\uff0c\u4ea6\u7b7e\u540d\u540c\u610f Dr. Urban Rhegius<br>\u5c3c\u54e5\u62c9\u5b89\u65af\u591a\uff0c\u9a6c\u5fb7\u5821\uff0c\u7b7e\u7f72Nicholas Armsdorf<br>\u4f50\u6cbb\u65af\u5df4\u62c9\u4e01\uff0c\u963f\u52d2\u987f\u5821\uff0c\u7b7e\u7f72George Spalatin<br>\u4f59\uff0c\u5b89\u5fb7\u70c8\u963f\u897f\u5b89\u5fb7\uff0c\u7b7e\u7f72Andrew Osiander<br>\u7ef4\u7279\u5e95\u7279\u7acb\u559c\u6559\u5e08\uff0c\u5415\u4ec1\u5821\uff0c\u7b7e\u7f72Master Veit Dietrich<br>\u53f8\u63d0\u53cd\u96c5\u5176\u79d1\u62c9\uff0c\u5374\u5c14\u4e4b\u7267\u5e08\uff0c\u4eb2\u624b\u7b7e\u540dStephen Agricola<br>\u7ea6\u7ff0\u5fb7\u62c9\u514b\uff0c\u9a6c\u5c14\u5821\uff0c\u7f72\u540dJohn Drach<br>\u5eb7\u62c9\u5fb7\u83f2\u6839\u6ce2\u5179\u7b7e\u540d\u540c\u610f\u5168\u90e8Conrad Figenbotz<br>\u9a6c\u4e01\u5e03\u585e\u8033 Martin Bucer<br>\u4f59\uff0c\u5384\u5c14\u54c8\u5fb7\u65bd\u5185\u57f9\u5f17\u7b7e\u7f72Erhard Schnepf<br>\u4fdd\u7f57\u7f57\u5fb7\uff0c\u65af\u5fb7\u4e01\u4e4b\u4f20\u9053\u4ebaPaul Rhode<br>\u9769\u8033\u54c8\u5fb7\u6069\u80af\uff0c\u6c11\u767b\u6559\u4f1a\u7267\u5e08Gerard Oemcken<br>\u5e03\u7acb\u514b\u4fee\u632a\u5854\u90a3\u65af\uff0c\u82cf\u65af\u7279\u7267\u5e08Brixius Northanus<br>\u897f\u95e8\u58eb\u5185\u5916\u585e\uff0c\u514b\u8d56\u6d77\u6bcd\u7267\u5e08Simon Schneeweiss<br>\u4f59\uff0c\u7ea6\u7ff0\u670b\u9ea6\u6069\u4e4b\u5e03\u6839\u54c8\u6839\uff0c\u53d7\u7ea6\u7ff0\u5e03\u4ec1\u5179\u6559\u5e08Master John Brenz \u4e4b\u6258\u4ee3\u4e3a\u7b7e\u540d Pomeranus, John Bigenhagen<br>\u8153\u529b\u58a8\u5170\u987f\uff0c\u4eb2\u624b\u7b7e\u7f72Philip Melanchthon<br>\u5b89\u591a\u7ebd\u79d1\u5c14\u7ef4\u7eb3\u65afAnthony Corvinus\u4eb2\u624b\u7b7e\u7f72\uff0c\u4e14\u4ee3\u798f\u5c14\u8fbe\u4e4b\u4e9a\u5f53\u7b7e\u540dAdam of Fulda<br>\u7ea6\u7ff0\u897f\u62c9\u683c\u8c6a\u82acJohn Schlagenhaufen\u4eb2\u624b\u7b7e\u7f72<br>\u4f50\u6cbb\u8d6b\u7279George Helt\uff0c\u798f\u5c14\u6c49\u59c6<br>\u7c73\u8fe6\u52d2\u8272\u6d41\u65afMichael Caelius\uff0c\u66fc\u65af\u83f2\u5f97\u4f20\u9053\u4eba<br>\u5f7c\u5f97\u9769\u7279\u8010Peter Geltner\uff0c\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\u6559\u4f1a\u4f20\u9053\u4eba<br>\u5927\u536b\u6885\u5170\u5fb7\u5c14David Melander\u7b7e\u7f72<br>\u4fdd\u7f57\u6cd5\u7ea0\u65afPaul Fagius\uff0c\u53f8\u5854\u65af\u5821<br>\u6587\u8fbe\u5c14\u6cd5\u4f2f\u5c14Wendel Faber\uff0c\u66fc\u65af\u83f2\u5f97\u7701\u897f\u5821\u5e02\u7267\u5e08<br>\u5eb7\u62c9\u5fb7\u5384\u4ead\u9769Conrad Oettinger\uff0c\u666e\u798f\u6b21\u4ea5\u8c1f\uff0c\u4e4c\u5c14\u7acb\u559c\uff0c\u79b9\u5c14\u541e\u5821\u516c\u7235\u4f20\u9053\u4eba<br>\u6ce2\u5c3c\u6cd5\u53f8\u7a9d\u5c14\u6cd5\u7279Boniface Wolfart\uff0c\u5965\u65af\u5821\u6559\u4f1a\u4f20\u9053\u6267\u4e8b<br>\u7ea6\u7ff0\u5384\u76ae\u90a3\u65afJohn Aepinus\uff0c\u6c49\u5821\u76d1\u7763\uff0c\u4eb2\u624b\u7f72\u540d<br>\u7ea6\u7ff0\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39John Amsterdam\u5e03\u52d2\u95e8\uff0c\u4ea6\u7b7e\u7f72<br>\u7ea6\u7ff0\u82b3\u4ed6\u90a3\u65afJohn Fontanus\u8d6b\u68ee\u5357\u90e8\u76d1\u7763\uff0c\u7b7e\u7f72<br>\u83f2\u5fb7\u5229\u514b\u7c73\u53ef\u725b\u65afFrederick Myconius\u7b7e\u540d\uff0c\u4e14\u4ee3\u72b9\u65af\u675c\u65af\u95e8\u725b\u65afJustus Menius\u7b7e\u7f72<br>\u5b89\u5e03\u7f57\u65af\u4f2f\u52b3\u8033Ambrose Blauer<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"6\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u9646<br>\u8896\u73cd\u672c<br>\u9a6c\u4e01\u8def\u5fb7\u535a\u58eb\u5c0f\u95ee\u7b54<br>\u4e3a\u666e\u901a\u7267\u5e08\u4e0e\u4f20\u9053\u8005\u7528<\/p>\n<p>\u5386\u53f2\u5c0f\u5f15<br>\u3010\u6cf0\u67cf\u7279Theodore G. 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\u4fbf\u6307\u793a\u6211\u4eec\u4e86\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u5723\u793c\u4e2d\uff0c\u85c9\u7740\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bdd\uff0c\u8d50\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u7f6a\u7684\u8d66\u514d\u3001\u751f\u547d\u548c\u6c38\u798f\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u54ea\u91cc\u6709\u7f6a\u7684\u8d66\u514d\uff0c\u90a3\u91cc\u4e5f\u5c31\u6709\u4e86\u751f\u547d\u548c\u6c38\u798f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>7\u5c5e\u8089\u4f53\u7684\u5403\u559d\u600e\u80fd\u884c\u8fd9\u5927\u4e8b\u5462\uff1f<br>8\u7b54\uff1a\u5403\u559d\u81ea\u7136\u4e0d\u80fd\u884c\u8fd9\u5927\u4e8b\uff0c\u60df\u72ec\u6240\u8bb0\u201c\u4e3a\u4f60\u4eec\u820d\u7684\uff0c\u4e3a\u4f60\u4eec\u6d41\u51fa\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u4f7f\u7f6a\u5f97\u8d66\u201d\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bdd\u624d\u80fd\u591f\u884c\uff1b\u9664\u4e86\u5c5e\u8089\u4f53\u7684\u5403\u559d\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bdd\u5728\u5723\u793c\u4e2d\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u8981\u7d27\u7684\uff0c\u51e1\u76f8\u4fe1\u7684\u4fbf\u5f97\u7740\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bdd\u6240\u8bf4\u6240\u7533\u660e\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u7f6a\u7684\u8d66\u514d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>9\u8c01\u914d\u9886\u53d7\u8fd9\u5723\u793c\u5462\uff1f<br>10\u7b54\uff1a\u7981\u98df\u548c\u6574\u9970\u4eea\u5bb9\u672c\u662f\u5916\u9762\u7684\u4f73\u793c\uff0c\u60df\u6709\u4fe1\u201c\u4e3a\u4f60\u4eec\u820d\u7684\uff0c\u4e3a\u4f60\u4eec\u6d41\u51fa\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u4f7f\u7f6a\u5f97\u8d66\u201d\u7684\u8bdd\u624d\u662f\u597d\u9884\u5907\u548c\u771f\u914d\u9886\u53d7\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u4e0d\u4fe1\u6216\u7591\u60d1\u8fd9\u8bdd\u7684\uff0c\u4fbf\u662f\u4e0d\u914d\u9886\u53d7\u548c\u672a\u9884\u5907\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u8fd9\u201c\u4e3a\u4f60\u4eec\u201d\u4e09\u5b57\uff0c\u662f\u8981\u4eba\u4e00\u5fc3\u76f8\u4fe1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>VII<br>\u5bb6\u957f\u5f53\u600e\u6837\u6559\u8bad\u4ed6\u7684\u5bb6\u5c5e\u65e9\u665a\u7977\u543f<\/p>\n<p>\u65e9\u6669\u7977\u6587<br>1\u4f60\u65e9\u6668\u8d77\u5e8a\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u53ef\u753b\u5723\u5341\u5b57\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u795d\u798f\u8bf4\uff1a<br>\u201c\u5949\u7236\u3001\u5b50\u3001\u5723\u7075\u7684\u540d\u3002\u963f\u4eec\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>2\u968f\u540e\u5c31\u8dea\u4e0b\u6216\u7ad9\u7acb\u8bfb\u4fe1\u7ecf\u6216\u4e3b\u7977\u6587\u3002\u4f60\u82e5\u613f\u610f\u4e5f\u53ef\u63a5\u7740\u5ff5\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u5c0f\u7977\u6587\uff1a<br>\u6211\u7684\u5929\u7236\u554a\uff01\u6211\u9760\u7740\u8036\u7a23\u57fa\u7763\u4f60\u7684\u7231\u5b50\uff0c\u611f\u8c22\u4f60\uff0c\u56e0\u4f60\u6628\u591c\u4fdd\u62a4\u6211\u6ca1\u6709\u9047\u89c1\u4ec0\u4e48\u707e\u5bb3\u5371\u9669\u3002\u8fd8\u7948\u6c42\u4f60\u4eca\u65e5\u4ecd\u7136\u4fdd\u62a4\u6211\u4e0d\u9677\u5728\u7f6a\u91cc\uff0c\u4e0d\u9047\u4ec0\u4e48\u51f6\u6076\uff0c\u4f7f\u6211\u4e00\u5207\u6240\u884c\u6240\u4e3a\u5f97\u8499\u4f60\u7684\u559c\u60a6\u3002\u56e0\u6211\u5c06\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u7075\u9b42\u548c\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u90fd\u4ea4\u6258\u5728\u4f60\u624b\u91cc\u3002\u613f\u4f60\u7684\u5723\u5929\u4f7f\u4e0e\u6211\u540c\u5728\uff0c\u4f7f\u90a3\u6076\u654c\u6ca1\u6709\u6743\u529b\u8f96\u5236\u6211\u3002\u963f\u4eec\u3002<\/p>\n<p>3\u968f\u540e\u5531\u8bd7\u4e00\u9996\uff0c\u5982\u8bba\u5341\u6761\u8beb\uff0c\u6216\u4f60\u9ed8\u60f3\u7075\u4fee\u65f6\u5fc3\u6240\u89e6\u52a8\u7684\u8bd7\u6b4c\uff0c\u5c31\u6b22\u7136\u524d\u53bb\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<br>4\u4f60\u665a\u95f4\u4e0a\u5e8a\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u53ef\u753b\u5723\u5341\u5b57\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u795d\u798f\u8bf4\uff1a<br>\u201c\u5949\u7236\u3001\u5b50\u3001\u5723\u7075\u7684\u540d\u3002\u963f\u4eec\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>5\u968f\u540e\u5c31\u8dea\u4e0b\u6216\u7ad9\u7acb\u8bfb\u4fe1\u7ecf\u548c\u4e3b\u7977\u6587\uff0c\u4f60\u82e5\u613f\u610f\u4e5f\u63a5\u7740\u5ff5\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u5c0f\u7977\u6587\uff1a<br>\u6211\u7684\u5929\u7236\u554a\uff01\u6211\u9760\u7740\u8036\u7a23\u57fa\u7763\u4f60\u7684\u7231\u5b50\uff0c\u611f\u8c22\u4f60\uff0c\u56e0\u4f60\u4eca\u5929\u66fe\u7ecf\u65bd\u6069\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e86\u6211\u3002\u8fd8\u7948\u6c42\u4f60\u8d66\u514d\u6211\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u7f6a\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u6240\u884c\u4e0d\u4e49\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u5e76\u6c42\u65bd\u6069\u4eca\u591c\u4fdd\u62a4\u6211\u3002\u56e0\u6211\u5c06\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u7075\u9b42\u548c\u4e00\u5207\u6240\u6709\u90fd\u4ea4\u6258\u5728\u4f60\u624b\u91cc\u3002\u613f\u4f60\u7684\u5723\u5929\u4f7f\u4e0e\u6211\u540c\u5728\uff0c\u4f7f\u90a3\u6076\u654c\u6ca1\u6709\u6743\u529b\u8f96\u5236\u6211\u3002\u963f\u4eec\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u968f\u540e\u5c31\u7acb\u523b\u5b89\u7136\u7761\u89c9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>VIII<br>\u996d\u524d\u6c42\u798f<br>6\u5bb6\u957f\u5f53\u600e\u6837\u6559\u8bad\u4ed6\u7684\u5bb6\u5c5e\u5728\u996d\u524d\u6c42\u798f\u996d\u540e\u8c22\u6069<br>7\u513f\u5973\u4e0e\u4ec6\u4eba\u4eec\u5f53\u606d\u656c\u7684\u8d70\u8fd1\u684c\u65c1\u53c9\u7740\u624b\u8bf4\uff1a<br>\u201c\u4e3b\u963f\uff01\u4e07\u6c11\u90fd\u4e3e\u76ee\u4ef0\u671b\u4f60\uff0c\u4f60\u968f\u65f6\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4eec\u98df\u7269\uff1b\u4f60\u5f20\u624b\u4f7f\u6709\u751f\u6c14\u7684\u90fd\u968f\u613f\u9971\u8db3\u3002\u201d<br>8\uff08\u6ce8\uff1a\u201c\u968f\u613f\u9971\u8db3\u201d\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\u4e07\u7269\u5f97\u5230\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u996e\u98df\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7f18\u6545\u800c\u6b22\u4e50\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5fe7\u8651\u8d2a\u5a6a\u5c31\u4f1a\u5f97\u4e0d\u5230\u9971\u8db3\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>9\u968f\u540e\u5ff5\u4e3b\u7977\u6587\u5e76\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u7977\u6587\uff1a<br>\u201c\u4e3b\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u5929\u4e0a\u7684\u7236\u554a\uff01\u6c42\u4f60\u8d50\u798f\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u548c\u4f60\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6069\u8d50\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u4f60\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u6148\u7231\u4e2d\u6240\u9886\u53d7\u7684\uff0c\u9760\u7740\u8036\u7a23\u57fa\u7763\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4e3b\u3002\u963f\u4eec\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u996d\u540e\u8c22\u6069<br>10\u996d\u540e\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u5f53\u7167\u6837\u606d\u656c\u7684\u53c9\u7740\u624b\u8bf4\uff1a<br>\u201c\u4f60\u4eec\u8981\u79f0\u8c22\u8036\u548c\u534e\uff0c\u56e0\u7942\u672c\u4e3a\u5584\uff0c\u7942\u7684\u6148\u7231\u6c38\u8fdc\u957f\u5b58\uff1b \u7942\u8d50\u98df\u7269\u7ed9\u8d70\u517d\u548c\u557c\u53eb\u7684\u5c0f\u4e4c\u9e26\uff0c\u7942\u4e0d\u559c\u60a6\u9a6c\u7684\u529b\u5927\uff0c\u4e0d\u559c\u7231\u4eba\u7684\u817f\u5feb\u3002\u8036\u548c\u534e\u559c\u7231\u656c\u754f\u7942\u548c\u76fc\u671b\u7942\u6148\u7231\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>11\u968f\u540e\u5ff5\u4e3b\u7977\u6587\u548c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u7977\u6587\uff1a<br>\u201c\u4e3b\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff01\u5929\u4e0a\u7684\u7236\u554a\uff01\u6211\u4eec\u85c9\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4e3b\u8036\u7a23\u57fa\u7763\u4e3a\u4f60\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u6069\u60e0\u611f\u8c22\u4f60\uff0c\u4f60\u672c\u662f\u6d3b\u7740\u638c\u6743\u76f4\u5230\u6c38\u8fdc\u3002\u963f\u4eec\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>IX<br>\u4fe1\u5f92\u8bad\u6761<br>1\u5c31\u662f\u7528\u5723\u7ecf\u7684\u51e0\u6bb5\u91d1\u53e5\u529d\u52c9\u5404\u5723\u804c\u548c\u5404\u4f4d\u5206\u7684\u4eba\u81ea\u5df1\u5b66\u4e60\u884c\u5176\u804c\u4efd\u4e0a\u6240\u5f53\u884c\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>2\u5bf9\u4e8e\u76d1\u7763\uff0c\u7267\u5e08\uff0c\u548c\u4f20\u9053\u8005<br>\u4f5c\u76d1\u7763\u7684\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u65e0\u53ef\u6307\u8d23\uff0c\u53ea\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5987\u4eba\u7684\u4e08\u592b\uff0c\u6709\u8282\u5236\u3001\u81ea\u5b88\u3001\u7aef\u6b63\u3001\u4e50\u610f\u63a5\u5f85\u8fdc\u4eba\uff0c\u5584\u4e8e\u6559\u5bfc\uff1b\u4e0d\u56e0\u9152\u6ecb\u4e8b\u3001\u4e0d\u6253\u4eba\u3001\u53ea\u8981\u6e29\u548c\u3001\u4e0d\u7ade\u4e89\u3001\u4e0d\u8d2a\u8d22\uff1b\u597d\u597d\u7ba1\u7406\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5bb6\uff0c\u4f7f\u513f\u5973\u51e1\u4e8b\u7aef\u5e84\u987a\u670d\uff1b\u521d\u5165\u6559\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u4f5c\u76d1\u7763\uff08\u63d0\u524d\u4e092\u30013\u30014\u30016 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Tappert\u82f1\u6587\u8bd1\u8005\u539f\u8457\u3011<br>\u798f\u97f3\u9053\u5404\u6559\u4f1a\u5df2\u83b7\u5f97\u5916\u8868\u4e4b\u7a33\u5b9a\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u575a\u56fa\u5b83\u4eec\u5185\u9762\u3002\u8def\u5fb7\u8457\u6210\u82e5\u5e72\u8bb2\u9898\u4e0e\u4f20\u5355\uff0c\u5982\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e94\u4e00\u516d\u5e74\uff0c\u4e3a\u5448\u9012\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u8981\u9053\u901a\u4fd7\u8bad\u8bf2\u3002\u4e00\u4e94\u4e8c\u4e94\u5e74\u4ed6\u9080\u8bf7\u4e24\u4f4d\u670b\u53cb\uff0c\u72b9\u58eb\u90fd\u4e54\u7eb3\u65af (Justus Jonas)\u4e0e\u7ea6\u7ff0\u96c5\u5176\u79d1\u62c9(John Agricola)\uff0c\u8457\u4f5c\u4e00\u672c\u5b69\u7ae5\u5b97\u6559\u4e66\uff0c\u79f0\u5b83\u4e3a\u201c\u95ee\u7b54\u201d(\u201ccatechism \u201d)\u3002\u5f53\u6b64\u5de5\u4f5c\u5ef6\u6401\u540e\uff0c\u4e00\u4e94\u4e8c\u516b\u5e74\u8153\u529b\u58a8\u5170\u987f(Philip Melanchthon) \u4ea6\u5982\u6b64\u5c1d\u8bd5\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u8def\u5fb7\u518d\u91cd\u65b0\u5f00\u59cb\u3002\u4ed6\u5206\u6d3e\u58a8\u5170\u987f\u8457\u201c\u6492\u514b\u68ee\u9009\u5e1d\u8bf8\u4faf\u5730\u5de1\u89c6\u7267\u5e08\u6307\u5bfc\u4e66\u201d(\u4e00\u4e94\u4e8c\u516b\u5e74)\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u81ea\u5df1\u8d1f\u8d23\u51fa\u7248\u4e00\u672c\u95ee\u7b54\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8def\u5fb7\u4e00\u4e94\u4e8c\u516b\u5e74\u4e94\u6708\u3001\u4e5d\u6708\u3001\u5341\u4e00\u6708\u3001\u5341\u4e8c\u6708\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e94\u4e8c\u4e5d\u5e74\u4e09\u6708\u6240\u8bb2\u4e09\u8fde\u7eed\u793c\u62dc\u8bb2\u9898\uff0c\u4e3a\u6b64\u95ee\u7b54\u8d44\u6599\u4e4b\u76f4\u63a5\u80cc\u666f\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u8bb2\u9898\u672a\u8bb2\u5b8c\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u8def\u5fb7\u5373\u4ece\u4e8b\u8457\u4f5c\u5927\u95ee\u7b54\u3002\u5168\u90e8\u5c1a\u672a\u5b8c\u6210\u65f6\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u67d0\u4e9b\u90e8\u5206\u5df2\u9001\u5f80\u5370\u5237\u5c40\uff0c\u6b64\u60c5\u5f62\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u89e3\u91ca\u5341\u6761\u8beb\u5168\u6587\u4e4b\u5dee\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u4e94\u4e8c\u4e5d\u5e74\u56db\u6708\uff0c\u201c\u5fb7\u6587\u95ee\u7b54\u201d\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u7531\u5a01\u4e01\u5821\u5e02(Wittenberg)\u4e54\u6cbb\u8001\u5f17(George Rhaw)\u5370\u5237\u5c40\u627f\u5370\u3002(\u201c\u5927\u95ee\u7b54\u201dLarge Catechism \u540d\u79f0\u5e76\u975e\u8def\u5fb7\u6240\u7528\u3002)\u5f53\u5e74\u8def\u5fb7\u53d1\u51fa\u66f4\u6b63\u7248\u672c\uff0c\u5e76\u9644\u201c\u8ba4\u7f6a\u89e3\u7f6a\u529d\u52c9\u6587\u201d(Exhortation to Confession)\uff0c\u5728\u4e3b\u7977\u6587\u89e3\u91ca\u4e4b\u5e8f\u8a00\u5185\u63d2\u5165\u4e00\u957f\u8bba\u6587\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e9b\u6807\u6ce8\u3002\u6b64\u4e43\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u63d2\u6709\u56fe\u89e3\u4e4b\u7248\u672c\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u56fe\u753b\u7531\u8def\u52a0\u514b\u62c9\u7eb3\u54c8\u8001\u8005\u6240\u7ed8(Lucas Cranach the Elder)\u3002\u4e00\u4e94\u4e09\u3007\u5e74\u518d\u7248\uff0c\u9644\u6709\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7bc7\u8f83\u957f\u7684\u5e8f\u8a00\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5728\u53ef\u5821(Coburg 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\u3002\u3015\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u5f53\u77e5\u8db3\uff0c\u867d\u7136\uff08\u4eba\u4eec\uff09\u5f88\u5c11\u6b63\u786e\u5730\u6559\u5bfc\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fd9\u4e09\u90e8\uff1b\u4e5f\u56e0\u6b64\u4f7f\u51e1\u613f\u610f\u4e0d\u4f46\u5728\u540d\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e5f\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u4e3a\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u8005\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u8001\u5e7c\uff0c\u53ef\u5f97\u826f\u597d\u6559\u5bfc\u95ee\u7b54\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u719f\u8c19\u3002<\/p>\n<p>I. \u4e0a\u5e1d\u5341\u6761\u8beb<br>1. \u9664\u6211\u4ee5\u5916\u4f60\u4e0d\u53ef\u6709\u522b\u7684\u795e\u30021<br>2. \u4f60\u4e0d\u53ef\u5984\u79f0\u4f60\u4e3b\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u540d\u30022<br>3. \u4f60\u5f53\u5b88\u5b89\u606f\u65e5\u4e3a\u5723\u65e5\u30023<br>4. \u4f60\u5f53\u5b5d\u656c\u7236\u6bcd\u30024<br>5. \u4f60\u4e0d\u53ef\u6740\u4eba\u30025<br>6. \u4f60\u4e0d\u53ef\u5978\u6deb\u30026<br>7. \u4f60\u4e0d\u53ef\u5077\u76d7\u30027<br>8. \u4f60\u4e0d\u53ef\u4f5c\u5047\u89c1\u8bc1\u9677\u5bb3\u4eba\u30028<br>9. \u4f60\u4e0d\u53ef\u8d2a\u604b\u4eba\u7684\u623f\u5c4b\u30029<br>10. \u4f60\u4e0d\u53ef\u8d2a\u604b\u4eba\u7684\u59bb\u5b50\u3001\u4ec6\u5a62\u3001\u7272\u755c\uff0c\u5e76\u4ed6\u4e00\u5207\u6240\u6709\u768410 \uff08\u51fa\u4e8c\u53412-17 \uff1b\u53c2\u7533\u4e946-21\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>II. \u6211\u4eec\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e4b\u8981\u6761<br>11\u6211\u4fe1\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u5168\u80fd\u7684\u7236\uff0c\u521b\u9020\u5929\u5730\u7684\u4e3b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>12\u6211\u4fe1\u8036\u7a23\u57fa\u7763\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u72ec\u751f\u5b50\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4e3b\uff1b\u56e0\u7740\u5723\u7075\u6210\u5b55\uff0c\u4ece\u7ae5\u5973\u9a6c\u91cc\u4e9a\u6240\u751f\uff0c\u5728\u672c\u4e22\u5f7c\u62c9\u591a\u624b\u4e0b\u53d7\u96be\uff0c\u88ab\u9489\u5728\u5341\u5b57\u67b6\u4e0a\uff0c\u6b7b\u4e86\uff0c\u846c\u4e86\uff1b\u4e0b\u5230\u5730\u72f1\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e09\u5929\u4ece\u6b7b\u91cc\u590d\u6d3b\uff0c\u540e\u5347\u5929\uff0c \u5750\u5728\u65e0\u6240\u4e0d\u80fd\u7684\u7236\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u53f3\u8fb9\uff1b\u5c06\u6765\u5fc5\u4ece\u90a3\u91cc\u964d\u4e34\uff0c\u5ba1\u5224\u6d3b\u4eba\u6b7b\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>13\u6211\u4fe1\u5723\u7075\uff1b\u4e00\u5723\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4f1a\uff0c\u5723\u5f92\u4e00\u4f53\uff1b\u7f6a\u5f97\u8d66\u514d\uff1b\u8089\u8eab\u590d\u6d3b\uff1b\u5e76\u4e14\u6c38\u751f\uff0c\u963f\u4eec\u3002<\/p>\n<p>III. \u57fa\u7763\u4eb2\u81ea\u6559\u5bfc\u4e4b\u7977\u6587\u3014\u6216\u79f0\u4e3b\u7977\u6587\u3015<br>14\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u5929\u4e0a\u7684\u7236\uff0c\u613f\u4eba\u90fd\u5c0a\u4f60\u7684\u540d\u4e3a\u5723\u3002\u613f\u4f60\u7684\u56fd\u964d\u4e34\uff0c \u613f\u4f60\u7684\u65e8\u610f\u884c\u5728\u5730\u4e0a\uff0c\u5982\u540c\u884c\u5728\u5929\u4e0a\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u65e5\u7528\u7684\u996e\u98df\u4eca\u65e5\u8d50\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\uff1b\u514d\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u503a\uff0c\u5982\u540c\u6211\u4eec\u514d\u4e86\u4eba\u7684\u503a\uff1b\u4e0d\u53eb\u6211\u4eec\u9047\u89c1\u8bd5\u63a2\uff0c\u6551\u6211\u4eec\u8131\u79bb\u51f6\u6076\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u56fd\u5ea6\u3001\u6743\u67c4\u3001\u8363\u8000\u5168\u662f\u4f60\u7684\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u6c38\u8fdc\u3002\u963f\u4eec\u3002\uff08\u592a\u516d9-13 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Lawrence \u4f5c\u4ed6\u7684\u5b88\u62a4\u795e\uff1b\u4ed6\u82e5\u6015\u761f\u75ab\uff0c\u5373\u5411\u5723\u8272\u5df4\u65af\u5b89St. Sebastian \u6216\u5723\u82e5\u8d6bRoch\u8bb8\u613f\u53d1\u8a93\u3002\u4ee5\u5f80\u66fe\u6709\u65e0\u6570\u5176\u4ed6\u6b64\u7c7b\u53ef\u618e\u4f8b\u5b50 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\u3001\u7ef4\u7eb3\u65af(Venis)\u3001\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u5047\u795e\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u6000\u5b55\u7684\u5973\u4eba\u606d\u656c\u9edb\u5b89\u5a1c (Diana)\u6216\u9732\u897f\u5a1c(Lucina)\u4e91\u4e91\uff0c\u5404\u4eba\u5185\u5fc3\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u4e00\u4f4d\u5851\u9020\u7684\u795e\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u4f17\u5916\u90a6\u4eba\u5fc3\u610f\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4f4d\u795e\u7684\u610f\u601d\u5c31\u662f\u501a\u9760\u76f8\u4fe1\u5b83\u300219\u4f46\u82e6\u607c\u662f\uff1a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u501a\u9760\u662f\u865a\u5047\u9519\u8bef\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u6839\u57fa\u5e76\u975e\u72ec\u4e00\u771f\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u7942\uff0c\u5929\u5730\u95f4\u6ca1\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u795e\u300220\u7167\u6b64\uff0c\u5916\u90a6\u4eba\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u5c06\u6709\u5173\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u68a6\u5e7b\u9020\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u5076\u50cf\uff0c\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u501a\u9760\u4e00 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\u201cApfelgott\u201d 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(Carthusian)\u4fee\u9053\u7537\u5973\uff0c\u82e5\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e3e\u884c\u5b97\u6559\u793c\u4eea\u65f6\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u80fd\u6709\u4e00\u4ef6\u5de5\u4f5c\u7167\u7942\u7684\u8beb\u547d\u5e26\u5230\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9762\u524d\uff0c\u5e76\u80fd\u7528\u559c\u4e50\u5fc3\uff0c\u5728\u7942\u9762\u524d\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5982\u4eca\u6211\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u5de5\u4f5c\u662f\u5f88\u8499\u4f60\u60a6\u7eb3\u7684\uff0c\u201d\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u732e\u4e0a\u7684\u5c06\u662f\u4f55\u7b49\u503c\u94b1\uff01\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7a77\u82e6\u53ef\u601c\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5f53\u4ed6\u4eec\u7ad9\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u548c\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u524d\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u5462\uff1f\u4ed6\u4eec\u5fc5\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6309\u6b64\u8beb\u547d\u4e3a\u4eba\u7684\u5c0f\u5b69\u9762\u524d\u8499\u7f9e\u53d7\u803b\uff0c\u5fc5\u4f1a\u627f\u8ba4\uff1a\u4ee5\u5176\u7ec8\u8eab\u7684\u529f\u52b3\uff0c\u662f\u4e0d\u914d\u9012\u4e00\u676f\u6c34\u7ed9\u8fd9\u4f4d\u5c0f\u5b69\uff01119\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u53d7\u65a5\u8d23\uff0c\u56e0\u5176\u5c5e\u6076\u9b54\u7684\u521a\u610e\uff0c\u5c06\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u8beb\u547d\u7f6e\u4e8e\u811a\u4e0b\u8df5\u8e0f\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u987b\u5f92\u7136\u4ee5\u5176\u81ea\u9009\u7684\u5584\u5de5\u82e6\u5f85\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u60df\u72ec\u53d7\u8f7b\u8511\u4e0e\u635f\u5bb3\u4e3a\u5176\u62a5\u5e94\u3002<\/p>\n<p>120\u4eba\u7684\u5fc3\u82e5\u662f\u5b9e\u8df5\u6240\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u5c82\u4e0d\u5e94\u5f53\u6eb6\u5316\u5728\u559c\u4e50\u4e2d\uff0c\u8df3\u8dc3\u611f\u52a8\u5730\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u8bf7\u770b\uff0c\u8fd9\u5584\u4e8b\u6bd4\u4e00\u5207\u5361\u571f\u897f\u5b89Carthusians 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sanctorum \u201c\u5723\u5f92\u4ea4\u901a\uff0c\u201d\u6b64\u4e24\u540d\u8bcd\u540c\u4e49\u3002\u65e9\u671f\u7565\u53bb\u540e\u540d\u8bcd\uff0c\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u3014\u5fb7\u6587\u3015\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5185\u4e0d\u6613\u4e86\u89e3\u3002\u82e5\u8981\u7ffb\u5f97\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u3002Ecclesia\u3014\u6559\u4f1a\u3015\u8fd9\u5b57\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\u96c6\u4f1a\u300248\u53ef\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4e60\u60ef\u4e8eKirche, church\u540d\u8bcd\uff0c\u5e73\u6c11\u4e0d\u4e86\u89e3\u662f\u4e00\u56e2\u5951\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u5206\u8fa8\u4e3a\u5c4b\u5b87\u6216\u623f\u5b50\u3002\u4f46\u90a3\u623f\u95f4\u60df\u56e0\u4e00\u56e2\u4eba\u5728\u91cc\u9762\u805a\u96c6\uff0c\u4fbf\u8be5\u79f0Kirche, church\u3002\u56e0\u6211\u4eec\u805a\u4f1a\u7684\u4eba\u9009\u62e9\u4e00\u7279\u522b\u5904\u6240\uff0c\u5e76\u56e0\u96c6\u4f1a\u7ed9\u8be5\u5904\u6240\u53d6\u540d\u3002\u5982\u662f\u201cchurch\u201d (Kirche)\u8fd9\u5b57\u5b9e\u9645\u610f\u4e49\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u4e00\u666e\u901a\u805a\u4f1a\uff1b\u6765\u6e90\u5e76\u975e\u5fb7\u6587\uff0c \u800c\u662f\u5e0c\u814a\u6587\uff0c\u50cfecclesia\u8fd9\u5b57\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u8be5\u8bed\u8a00\u7528\u7684\u5b57\u662fkyria\uff0c\u62c9\u4e01\u6587\u7528\u7684\u662fcuria\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5fb7\u4eba\u56fd\u8bed\u5e94\u79f0\u5b83\u4e3a\u201c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u533a\u4f1a\u6216\u96c6\u4f1a\uff0c\u201d\u6216\u6700\u597d\u800c\u6700\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u662f\u201c\u4e00\u5723\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u767e\u59d3\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>49\u9644\u52a0\u7684\u5b57communio\u4e0d\u5e94\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201ccommunion \u201d\u800c\u662f \u201ccommunity\u201d\u3014\u5c0f\u533a\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u56e2\u4f53\u3015\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u67d0\u4eba\u6b32\u8bf4\u660e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u6279\u6ce8\u6216\u89e3\u8bf4\u3002\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u4e2d\u95f4\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u65e2\u4e0d\u4e86\u89e3\u62c9\u4e01\u6587\u4ea6\u4e0d\u4e86\u89e3\u5fb7\u6587\uff0c\u66fe\u8bd1\u6b64\u4e3a \u201c\u5723\u5f92\u4ea4\u901a \u201ccommunion of saints\u201d \u3014die Gemeinde der Heiligen\u3015\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5fb7\u4eba\u4e0d\u7528\u6216\u4e0d\u4e86\u89e3\u6b64\u79cd\u8bf4\u6cd5\u3002\u4e60\u60ef\u4e0a\uff0c\u3014\u7528\u6210\u8bed\u3015\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8bf4\u201c\u5723\u5f92\u793e\u56e2\uff0c\u201d \u201ca community of saints\uff0c\u201d\u5373\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5723\u5f92\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u56e2\u5951\u3014\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u51e0\u4e4e\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u6c11\u7686\u4e3a\u53d7\u8fc7\u6d17\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u3015\uff0c\u6216\u8bf4\u6e05\u695a\u4e9b\uff1a \u201c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5723\u793e\u4f1a\u201d \u201ca holy community.\u201d 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St. Bernard, Gerson, John Hus, \u7b49\u7b49\uff0c \u5e76\u4e14\u65e2\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u6559\u4f1a\u8981\u5b58\u5728\u76f4\u5230\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u672b\u4e86\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5bf9\u654c\u987b\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u5a74\u5b69\u6d17\u793c\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6240\u559c\u60a6\u7684\u300251\u56e0\u4e3a\u7942\u4e0d\u80fd\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u8c0e\u8a00\u4e0e\u90aa\u6076\uff0c\u6216\u4e3a\u6076\u884c\u4e4b\u76ee\u7684\u65bd\u4e0e\u6069\u5178\u53ca\u5723\u7075\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u6734\u5b9e\u672a\u5b66\u8005\u6700\u597d\u6700\u6709\u529b\u7684\u51ed\u636e\u3002\u8c01\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c06\u8fd9\u6761\u6b3e\u7531\u6211\u4eec\u53d6\u53bb\uff0c\u6216\u63a8\u7ffb\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4fe1\u4e00\u5723\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4f1a\uff0c\u5723\u5f92\u4e00\u4f53\uff0c\u201d\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>52\u518d\u8005\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e76\u975e\u6700\u5173\u5fc3\u53d7\u6d17\u7684\u4eba\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e0e\u5426\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u4fe1\u800c\u53d7\u6d17\u65f6\uff0c\u6d17\u793c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6210\u4e3a\u65e0\u6548\u300253\u51e1\u4e8b\u90fd\u51ed\u636e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9053\u4e0e\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u6216\u8bb8\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u8f83\u5fae\u5999\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6839\u636e\u6211\u66fe\u8bf4\uff1a\u6d17\u793c\u4e43\u662f\u6c34\u540c\u7740\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5723\u9053\u800c\u5f7c\u6b64\u8fde\u7cfb\u540c\u5728\uff1b\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5f53\u9053\u4f34\u7740\u6c34\u65f6\uff0c\u6d17\u793c\u5c31\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u7f3a\u5c11\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff08\u6216\u4fe1\u9760\uff09\u4ea6\u7136\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\u65e0\u6cd5\u6784\u6210\u6d17\u793c\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u63a5\u53d7\u5b83\u3002\u6d17\u793c\u7eb5\u7136\u88ab\u9519\u8bef\u5730\u63a5\u53d7\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u81f4\u65e0\u6548\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4e0e\u9053\u8fde\u7ed3\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>54\u5373\u4f7f\u73b0\u5728\u6709\u4e00\u4f4d\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\uff0c\u72e1\u733e\u5730\u6000\u7740\u6076\u610f\u524d\u6765\u8981\u6c42\u53d7\u6d17\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fe0\u8bda\u4e3a\u4ed6\u65bd\u6d17\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u627f\u8ba4\u4ed6\u7684\u6d17\u793c\u6709\u6548\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u90a3\u91cc\u9762\u6c34\u4e0e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9053\u8054\u5408\u7740\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4ed6\u672a\u6b63\u5f0f\u63a5\u53d7\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0d\u914d\u9886\u53d7\u4e3b\u665a\u9910\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u6240\u9886\u53d7\u7684\u4ea6\u662f\u771f\u5723\u793c\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>55\u5982\u662f\u4f60\u77e5\u9053\u6d3e\u522b\u5206\u7acb\u5f02\u8bae\u7684\u8352\u8c2c\u53ef\u7b11\u3002\u5982\u4ee5\u4e0a\u6240\u8a00\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5a74\u5b69\u4e0d\u4fe1\u2014\u2014\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e8b\u4e0d\u7136\uff0c\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u524d\u9762\u6240\u8bc1\u660e\u2014\u2014\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6d17\u793c\u5fc5\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u8c01\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8be5\u91cd\u65bd\u6d17\u3002\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\uff0c\u82e5\u6709\u4eba\u4ee5\u6076\u610f\u6765\u9886\u575b\u4e0a\u5723\u793c\u3014\u5723\u665a\u9910\u3015\uff0c\u5723\u793c\u672c\u8eab\u4ecd\u65e7\u672a\u88ab\u7834\u574f\u3002\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5723\u793c\u88ab\u5984\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u51c6\u4ed6\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u65f6\u95f4\u518d\u9886\u53d7\uff0c\u597d\u50cf\u5b83\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u672a\u5b9e\u5728\u9886\u53d7\u5723\u793c\u3002\u3014\u7f16\u8005\u6309\uff1a\u82e5\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5723\u793c\u672c\u8eab\u88ab\u7834\u574f\u53d8\u5f97\u65e0\u6548\uff0c\u9700\u9a6c\u4e0a\u518d\u9886\u4e00\u6b21\u3015\u4fbf\u4e3a\u4ee5\u6700\u574f\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6bc1\u8c24\u4eb5\u6e0e\u5723\u793c\u3002\u4f55\u4ee5\u6211\u4eec\u6562\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9053\u4e0e\u8bbe\u7acb\u56e0\u6211\u4eec\u9519\u8bef\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u800c\u53d8\u4e3a\u9519\u800c\u65e0\u6548\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>56\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f60\u5728\u53d7\u6d17\u4e4b\u524d\u82e5\u672a\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u5f53\u5728\u53d7\u6d17\u4e4b\u540e\u627f\u8ba4\uff1a\u201c\u6d17\u793c\u5b9e\u5728\u6b63\u786e\uff0c\u53ea\u53ef\u60dc\u6211\u672a\u6b63\u5f53\u5730\u63a5\u53d7\u5b83\u3002\u201c\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u53ca\u6240\u6709\u53d7\u8fc7\u6d17\u8005\uff0c\u987b\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9762\u524d\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u51ed\u6211\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u548c\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u6765\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u6211\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f9d\u6211\u76f8\u4fe1\u548c\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u4e3a\u6211\u7977\u544a\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e3a\u6839\u57fa\u3002\u6211\u6240\u51ed\u4f9d\u7684\u4e43\u662f\uff1a\u5b83\u662f\u4f60\u7684\u9053\u548c\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u201d\u6b63\u56e0\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u6211\u53bb\u9886\u575b\u4e0a\u5723\u793c\uff0c\u975e\u57fa\u4e8e\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u4fe1\u5fc3\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u57fa\u7763\u4e4b\u9053\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u6211\u6216\u8005\u575a\u5f3a\u6216\u8005\u8f6f\u5f31\uff1b\u4f46\u6211\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e8b\u7559\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u624b\u4e2d\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u77e5\u9053\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\uff1a\u7942\u66fe\u547d\u4ee4\u6211\u53bb\u5403\u3001\u55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33\u9e7f\u5982\u4f55\u6218\u6218\u5162\u5162\u5730\u5207\u671b\u65b0\u9c9c\u7684\u6cc9\u6c34\uff0c\u6211\u4e5f\u8981\u7167\u6837\u6218\u5162\u5730\u6c42\u5f97\u542c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9053\u3001\u89e3\u7f6a\u3001\u5723\u793c\uff0c\u7b49\u300234\u4f60\u770b\uff0c\u7167\u6b64\u6cd5\u624d\u7b97\u662f\u5408\u5b9c\u5730\u6559\u5bfc\u8ba4\u7f6a\u793c\uff0c\u5fc5\u4f1a\u9f13\u52b1\u6b64\u79cd\u6b32\u671b\u4e0e\u7231\u5fc3\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5c06\u8ddf\u968f\u6211\u4eec\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u5b83\uff0c\u8fdc\u8d85\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u559c\u60a6\u7684\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u8ba9\u6559\u7687\u6d3e\u8005\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u4e0d\u7406\u6b64\u73cd\u5b9d\uff0c\u7981\u6b62\u81ea\u5df1\u4eab\u53d7\u5b83\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u82e6\u5f85\u6298\u78e8\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u300235\u81f3\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u613f\u6211\u4eec\u4e3e\u624b\u9882\u8d5e\u611f\u8c22\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u5f97\u7740\u8ba4\u7f6a\u793c\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u795d\u798f\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"8\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u634c<br>\u534f\u540c\u5f0f<br>\u4e3a\u89e3\u91ca\u5965\u65af\u5821\u4fe1\u6761\u6570\u6761\u9053\u7406\u4e4b\u5f7b\u5e95\u3001\u7eaf\u6b63\u3001\u6b63\u786e\u3001\u53ca\u6700\u540e\u91cd\u8ff0\u67d0\u4e9b\u575a\u5b88\u6b64\u4fe1\u6761\u4e4b\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e2d\u95f4\u66fe\u7ecf\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e4b\u9053\u4e0e\u672c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6559\u4e49\u7cbe\u8981\u4e4b\u5f15\u5bfc\u4e0b\u83b7\u81f4\u89e3\u51b3\u534f\u5408<\/p>\n<p>\u5386\u53f2\u5c0f\u5f15<br>\u3010\u6cf0\u67cf\u7279Theodore G. Tappert\u82f1\u6587\u8bd1\u8005\u539f\u8457\u3011<br>\u5728\u8def\u5fb7\u901d\u4e16(\u4e00\u4e94\u56db\u516d)\u4e0e\u8def\u5fb7\u6559\u4f1a\u738b\u5b50\u4e0e\u541b\u4e3b\u6218\u4e89\u5931\u8d25 (\u4e00\u4e94\u56db\u4e03)\u540e\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6539\u826f\u6559\u4f1a\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e4b\u201c\u7eaf\u6b63\u9053\u7406\u201d\u9020\u6210\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u4e89\u8fa9\uff0c\u8def\u5fb7\u4f1a\u8005\u5206\u88c2\u4e3a\u4e24\u6d3e\uff1a\u4e00\u6d3e\u9010\u6e10\u9694\u79bb\u4e3a\u201c\u771f\u6b63\u8def\u5fb7\u6559\u6d3e\u201d (Gnesio-Lutheran)\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u575a\u6301\u9a6c\u4e01\u8def\u5fb7\u539f\u6559\u8bad\uff0c\u9996\u7531\u9a6c\u63d0\u4e9a\u5f17\u62c9\u79cb(Matthias Flacius)\u9886\u5bfc\uff0c\u800c\u53e6\u4e00\u201c\u8153\u529b\u6d3e\u201d(Philippist)\u7531\u8153\u529b\u58a8\u5c14\u987f(Philip Melanchthon)\u95e8\u4eba\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u81f3\u6781\u7aef\u62e5\u62a4\u5176\u826f\u5e08\u4e4b\u6d1e\u5bdf\u3002\u8054\u5408\u4e4b\u6e34\u671b\u4e5f\u88ab\u7f57\u9a6c\u516c\u6559\u4e0e\u52a0\u5c14\u6587\u6d3e\u4e24\u5927\u653f\u6cbb\u538b\u529b\u50ac\u903c\u7740\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8def\u5fb7\u6559\u4f1a\u4e4b\u95f4\u516c\u7136\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u5373\u6c83\u6728\u65af(Worms )\u4f1a\u8c08(\u4e00\u4e94\u4e94\u4e03)\u6240\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u8bf8\u4faf\u5728\u6885\u56e0\u6cb3\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\u5e02(Frankfurt- on-the-Main, 1558)\u4e0e\u7459\u6728\u5821\u5e02(Naumbarg, 1561)\u4e4b\u4e24\u6b21\u65e0\u6548\u4f1a\u8bae\u3002\u59cb\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e94\u516d\u516b\u5e74\uff0c\u8bd5\u4ee5\u795e\u5b66\u89e3\u51b3\u8be5\u5206\u88c2\uff0c\u7531\u738b\u5b50\u4e88\u4ee5\u6177\u6168\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e4b\u652f\u6301\u3002\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u5b9a\u5f0f\u662f\u96c5\u5404\u5b89\u5f97\u70c8 (James Andreae)\u4e4b\u4e94\u6761\u6b3e\uff1a\u201c\u627f\u8ba4\u4e0e\u7b80\u7565\u89e3\u91ca\u201d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e94\u4e03\u4e09\u5e74\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u201c\u516d\u6761\u57fa\u7763\u5316\u8bb2\u9898\u201d\u4e0a\u52a0\u4ee5\u63a8\u5e7f\u3002\u5f53\u5e74\u6539\u5199\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u82cf\u9b4f\u4fbf\u534f\u540c\u201d(\u201cSwabian Concord\u201d)\u3002\u6b64\u4e66\u4e4b\u91cd\u5199\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7531\u9a6c\u4e01\u6210\u5c3c\u6148(Martin Chemnitz)\u51ed\u7740\u795e\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u56e2\u4e0e\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e2a\u522b\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u8457\u6210\u4e86\u201c\u82cf\u9b4f\u4fbf\u2014\u2014\u3014\u4e0b\u5730\u3015\u6492\u514b\u68ee\u534f\u540c\u201d(\u201cSwabian-\u3014Lower\u3015Saxon Concord\u201d \u4e00\u4e94\u4e03\u4e94)\u3002\u6b21\u5e74\u8def\u52a0\u963f\u897f\u5b89\u5fb7\u5c14(Luke Osiander)\u548c\u5df4\u4ed6\u745f\u6bd4\u767b\u5df4\u8d6b(Balthasar Bidembach)\u53d7\u6307\u793a\u8d77\u8349\u53e6\u4e00\u63d0\u8bae\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\uff1a\u201c\u5192\u767d\u5189\u5f0f\u201d(\u201cMaulbronn Formula\u201d)\u3002\u5f53\u9690\u79d8\u52a0\u5c14\u6587\u6d3e\u8005\u4e8e\u9009\u4faf\u6492\u514b\u68ee\u5730\u7684\u8c0b\u53db (Crypto-Calvinist Conspiracy)\u88ab\u66dd\u5149\u540e\uff0c\u9009\u5019\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u7279(Elector August )\u968f\u5373\u52a0\u5165\u5408\u4e00\u8fd0\u52a8\uff1b\u4e00\u4e94\u4e03\u516d\u5e74\u6625\u672b\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u8131\u5c14\u9ad8\u5e02(Torgau )\u53ec\u96c6\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u5728\u8be5\u5e02\u5c06\u82cf\u9b4f\u4fbf\u6492\u514b\u68ee\u534f\u540c\u4e0e\u5192\u767d\u5189\u5f0f\u8054\u5408\uff0c\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u8131\u5c14\u9ad8\u4e66\u201d (\u201cTorgau Book\u201d)\uff0c\u5373\u5b89\u5f97\u70c8\u603b\u7ed3\u4e3a\u534f\u540c\u5f0f\u4e4b\u6458\u8981\u6216\u79f0\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u201cEpitome or first part of the Formula of Concord\u201d\u3002\u5c06\u6b64\u4e66\u5bc4\u7ed9\u51e1\u5bf9\u5b83\u6709\u5174\u8da3\u4eba\u4e4b\u5404\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u8bf7\u4ed6\u4eec\u52a0\u4ee5\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u5373\u4e8e\u4f2f\u5c14\u6839(Bergen)\u5927\u6559\u5802\u91cd\u8457\u4e3a\u534f\u540c\u5f0f\u5168\u6587(\u6216\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206)\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u4f2f\u5c14\u6839\u4e66\u201d \u201cBergen Book\u201d (\u4e00\u4e94\u4e03\u4e03\u5e74)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u540e\u4e09\u5e74\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u5f53\u7eea\u8a00\u8349\u7a3f\u4e00\u6b21\u6b21\u4fee\u8ba2\u6700\u540e\u5f97\u901a\u8fc7\u65f6\uff0c\u66fe\u6709\u516b\u5343\u4e00\u767e\u516b\u5341\u516b\u4f4d\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u7267\u5e08\u3001\u4e0e\u6559\u5e08\u5728\u6240\u53c2\u52a0\u533a\u57df\u4e3a\u5ba3\u8a00\u5168\u6587\u7b7e\u5b57\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u4e00\u4e94\u516b\u3007\u5e74\u516d\u6708\u4e8c\u5341\u4e94\u65e5\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u67e5\u7406\u7b2c\u4e94(Charles V) \u5c0a\u524d\u5ff5\u8bfb\u5965\u65af\u5821\u4fe1\u6761\u4e4b\u540e\u4e94\u5341\u5e74\u6574\uff0c\u5168\u672c\u534f\u540c\u4e66\u3014Book of Concord\u3015\u5f00\u59cb\u9500\u552e\u3002\u672c\u4e66\uff08\u4f2f\u5c14\u6839\u4e66\uff0c\u5373\u534f\u540c\u4e66\u5168\u6587\uff09\u7eea\u8a00\u4e4b\u7b7e\u540d(\u5370\u4e8e\u672c\u4e66\u524d\u6570\u9875\u4f5c\u4e3a\u534f\u540c\u4e66\u7eea\u8a00)\uff0c\u8ba4\u660e\u5f53\u65f6\u62e5\u62a4\u6b64\u4fe1\u6761\u4e4b\u738b\u5b50\u4e0e\u541b\u4e3b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u82f1\u6587\u8bd1\u672c\u8bd1\u81ea\u5fb7\u6587\u539f\u672c\u3002\u91cd\u8bd1\u62c9\u4e01\u6587\u4e4b\u5178\u6545\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u67d0\u4e9b\u738b\u5b50\u575a\u51b3\u8981\u6c42\u8bd1\u6210\u5fb7\u6587\uff0c\u672c\u82f1\u6587\u672c\uff08\u9488\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u62c9\u4e01\u6587\u5f15\u7528\uff09\u4fbf\u8bd1\u81ea\u5fb7\u6587\u672c\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u7279\u522b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u62c9\u4e01\u8f9e\u53e5\u5728\u6ce8\u811a\u4e0a\u7279\u522b\u6307\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u6458\u8981<br>\u6b64\u603b\u7ed3\u6458\u8981\u5173\u4e8e\u5c5e\u5965\u65af\u5821\u4fe1\u6761\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u6240\u4e89\u8fa9\u4e4b\u6761\u6b3e\uff0c\u4e43\u7167\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e4b\u9053\uff0c \u4ee5\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u65b9\u5f0f\u89e3\u91ca\u51b3\u5b9a\u800c\u4f5c\u4e0b\u5217\u63ed\u8981<\/p>\n<p>\u5e7f\u535a\u6458\u8981\uff0c\u89c4\u5219\u4e0e\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u5e94\u7167\u5b83\u5224\u65ad\u4e00\u5207\u9053\u7406\uff0c\u5e76\u7528\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u65b9\u5f0f\u8bf4\u660e\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e71\u4eba\u4e4b\u5f02\u7aef\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1. \u6211\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\u3001\u6559\u5bfc\u3001\u5e76\u627f\u8ba4\u5148\u77e5\u548c\u4f7f\u5f92\u65b0\u65e7\u7ea6\u8457\u4f5c\u4e43\u4e3a\u9274\u5b9a\u5224\u65ad\u4e00\u5207\u9053\u7406\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6559\u5e08\u4e4b\u60df\u4e00\u5fc5\u9700\u89c4\u5219\u4e0e\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u8bd7\u7bc7\u4e00\u4e00\u4e5d105\u5185\u8bb0\u7740\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u4f60\u7684\u8bdd\u662f\u6211\u811a\u524d\u7684\u706f\uff0c\u8def\u4e0a\u7684\u5149\u3002\u201d \u53c8\u6709\u5723\u4fdd\u7f57\u5728\u52a0\u62c9\u592a\u4e66\u4e008\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5c31\u662f\u5929\u4e0a\u6765\u7684\u4f7f\u8005\uff0c\u82e5\u4f20\u798f\u97f3\u7ed9\u4f60\u4eec\uff0c\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u4f20\u7ed9\u4f60\u4eec\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u5e94\u5f53\u88ab\u5492\u7ec4\u3002\u201d 1<\/p>\n<p>\u5176\u4ed6\u53e4\u4ee3\u548c\u8fd1\u4ee3\u6559\u5e08\u4eec\u4e4b\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5176\u540d\u4e3a\u4f55\uff0c\u7686\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0e\u5723\u7ecf\u76f8\u7b49\u30022\u5176\u4ed6\u6bcf\u4e00\u8457\u4f5c\u5e94\u9644\u5c5e\u5723\u7ecf\uff0c\u5e94\u552f\u4e00\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\u4e3a\u89c1\u8bc1\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f92\u65f6\u671f\u540e\u5148\u77e5\u4e0e\u4f7f\u5f92\u7684\u9053\u7406\u5f97\u4ee5\u4fdd\u5b58\u4e4b\u8303\u5f0f\uff08fashion,\u5373\u54ea\u91cc\u4e14\u5982\u4f55\u4fdd\u5b58\u7684\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>2. \u4f7f\u5f92\u65f6\u671f\u540e\uff0c\u7acb\u523b\u2014\u2014\u5176\u5b9e\u5f53\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ecd\u6d3b\u5728\u4e16\u4e0a\u65f6\u2014\u2014\u66fe\u6709\u5047\u6559\u5e08\u548c\u5f02\u7aef\u8005\u4fb5\u7565\u6559\u4f1a\u30023\u53e4\u65f6\u6559\u4f1a\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u89c4\u5b9a\u8868\u53f7\uff08\u5373\u7b80\u7565\u660e\u767d\u7684\u4fe1\u7ecf\uff09\u3014\u627f\u8ba4\u3001\u4fe1\u8ba4\u3015\uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u5b83\u4e3a\u6b63\u7edf\u771f\u5b9e\u6559\u4f1a\u540c\u5fc3\u4e00\u81f4\u4e4b\u666e\u904d\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e0e\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u5373\u5982\u4f7f\u5f92\u4fe1\u7ecf\u3001\u5c3c\u897f\u4e9a\u4fe1\u7ecf\u3001\u548c\u4e9a\u4ed6\u90a3\u4fee\u4fe1\u7ecf\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4ee5\u6b64\u4fe1\u7ecf\u5ba3\u8a93\u5f03\u7edd\u4e00\u5207\u4e0e\u5b83\u76f8\u53cd\u3001\u88ab\u5f15\u5165\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u5f02\u7aef\u548c\u6559\u8bad\u3002<\/p>\n<p>3. 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6 \uff1b\u8d5b\u56db\u4e949 \uff1b\u4e94\u56db5 \uff1b\u516d\u56db8 \uff1b\u5f92\u5341\u4e0325-28 \uff1b\u8bd7\u767e3 \uff1b\u767e\u4e09\u5341\u4e5d14\uff1b\u4f20\u5341\u4e8c1\uff09 \u3002<\/p>\n<p>5\u518d\u8005\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u540c\u6837\u7684\u4eba\u6027\u5165\u7942\u4f4d\u683c\u4e4b\u5408\u4e00\u91cc\uff0c\u5374\u662f\u65e0\u7f6a\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u662f\u636e\u4e3a\u5df1\u8005\u5e76\u975e\u3014\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e4b\u3015\u5916\u7684\u8089\u8eab\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6309\u7167\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8089\u8eab\uff0c\u7942\u771f\u6b63\u6210\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5f1f\u5144\u3002\u6765\u4e8c14-17 : 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\u7167\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5f03\u7edd\u5492\u8bc5\u7684\u6559\u8bad\u662f\uff1a\u539f\u7f6a\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u503a\u52a1\uff0c\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u56e0\u4ed6\u4eba\u4e4b\u9519\u884c\u800c\u8d1f\u8d23\u4e8f\u6b20\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u672c\u6027\u5e76\u65e0\u4efb\u4f55\u8d25\u574f\u300211\uff08\u6b64\u89c2\u70b9\u7531\u6570\u4f4d\u62c9\u4e01\u3014\u610f\u5927\u5229\u3015\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u6240\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u963f\u52d2\u767d\u5c14\u7279\u76ae\u83f2\u52ff\u65af\uff08Albert Pighius 1490-1542\u5e74\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>2. 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accidens)\u672c\u975e\u5723\u7ecf\u4e4b\u7528\u8bcd\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u3014\u666e\u901a\u8001\u767e\u59d3\u3015\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u5b83\u4eec\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u5bf9\u6734\u5b9e\u65e0\u5b66\u95ee\u4eba\u4eec\u8bb2\u9053\u4e4b\u8bb2\u9898\u4e2d\u4e0d\u8be5\u91c7\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u5e94\u73cd\u60dc\u6734\u5b9e\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>24\u53ef\u662f\u5728\u5b66\u6821\u53ca\u6709\u5b66\u8bc6\u8005\u4e2d\u95f4\uff0c\u80fd\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u539f\u7f6a\u65f6\u6709\u76ca\u5730\u4fdd\u5b58\u6b64\u4e8c\u540d\u8bcd\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u5f88\u5e38\u7528\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u7ed9\u4eba\u9020\u6210\u8bef\u89e3\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5b83\u4eec\u660e\u767d\u7684\u6307\u793a\u67d0\u7279\u6b8a\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e4b\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u548c\u4ec5\u5076\u7136\u9644\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5b83\u4e4b\u4e8b\u9879\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e4b\u533a\u522b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>25\u8fd9\u4e9b\u540d\u8bcd\u660e\u767d\u5730\u9648\u8ff0\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e0e\u9b54\u9b3c\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u95f4\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e4b\u533a\u522b\u3002\u6492\u65e6\u4e0d\u80fd\u521b\u9020\u539f\u8d28\uff1b\u4ed6\u53ea\u80fd\u51ed\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5141\u8bb8\uff0c\u5076\u7136\u8d25\u574f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6240\u521b\u9020\u7684\u539f\u8d28\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e8c\u81ea\u7531\u5c5e\u5fd7<br>\u6b64\u4e89\u8fa9\u4e2d\u7684\u95ee\u9898<\/p>\n<p>1\u4eba\u4e4b\u610f\u5fd7\u53ef\u6309\u56db\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u72b6\u6001\u8ba8\u8bba\uff1a\u2460\u5815\u843d\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u2461\u5815\u843d\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u2462\u91cd\u751f\u540e\uff0c\u2463\u8089\u8eab\u590d\u6d3b\u540e\u3002\u6b64\u4e89\u8fa9\u4e2d\u9996\u8981\u95ee\u9898\u4e13\u95e8\u601d\u8003\u4eba\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u72b6\u6001\u5185\u4e4b\u610f\u5fd7\u548c\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u59cb\u7956\u5815\u843d\u540e\uff0c\u4eba\u5728\u672a\u91cd\u751f\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5728\u5c5e\u7075\u4e8b\u9879\u4e0a\uff0c\u6709\u4f55\u80fd\u529b\uff1f\u4eba\u80fd\u5426\u51ed\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5728\u672a\u66fe\u85c9\u5723\u7075\u91cd\u751f\u65f6\uff0c\u5b89\u6392\u9884\u5907\u81ea\u5df1\u4e3a\u9886\u53d7\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e4b\u6069\uff1f\u4ed6\u80fd\u5426\u63a5\u53d7\u90a3\u5728\u5723\u9053\u4e0e\u5723\u793c\u5185\u6240\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e4b\u6069\u60e0\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u80af\u5b9a\u9898<br>\u8bba\u6b64\u6761\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e4b\u9053\u7684\u7eaf\u6b63\u6559\u8bad<\/p>\n<p>1. 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\uff09\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u51e0\u53e5\u8bdd\u5185\u9762\uff0c\u7942\u5426\u8ba4\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u4e00\u5207\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u4e00\u5207\u5f52\u4e0e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6069\u5178\uff0c\u514d\u5f97\u6709\u4eba\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9762\u524d\u81ea\u5938\uff08\u6797\u524d\u4e5d16\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5bf9\u6bd4\u9898<br>\u76f8\u53cd\u5047\u9053<\/p>\n<p>7\u7167\u6837\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5f03\u7edd\u5492\u8bc5\u4e0b\u5217\u5f02\u7aef\u7686\u4e0e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e4b\u9053\u7684\u51c6\u5219\u76f8\u53cd\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>1. \u65af\u591a\u4e9a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff08Stoic philosophers\uff09\u548c\u6469\u5c3c\u6d3e\uff08Manichaeans\uff09\u766b\u72c2\u4e4b\u68a6\uff0c\u6559\u8bad\u4eba\uff1a\u4e00\u5207\u6240\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u5fc5\u5982\u6b64\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u6309\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u5f0f\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u4eba\u7ecf\u5e38\u53ea\u5728\u5f3a\u8feb\u4e0b\u884c\u4e8b\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5916\u8868\u884c\u52a8\u4ea6\u7136\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u884c\u51fa\u6076\u884c\u4e3a\u5982\uff1a\u79c1\u901a\u3001\u62a2\u52ab\u3001\u51f6\u6740\u3001\u5077\u7a83\u3001\u7b49\u5728\u5f3a\u8feb\u4e0b\u884c\u4e4b\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7f6a\u30028<\/p>\n<p>2. \u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u5f03\u7edd\u7c97\u9c81\u7684\u4f2f\u62c9\u7ea0\u6d3e(crass Pelagianism )\u4e4b\u6559\u8bad\uff0c\u5982\uff1a\u4eba\u80fd\u4ee5\u81ea\u5df1\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u4e0d\u5728\u4e4e\u5723\u7075\u6069\u8d50\uff0c\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u8f6c\u5411\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u76f8\u4fe1\u798f\u97f3\uff0c\u5168\u5fc3\u987a\u4ece\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5f8b\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u5982\u662f\u914d\u5f97\u7f6a\u4e4b\u8d66\u514d\u548c\u6c38\u751f\u30029<\/p>\n<p>3. \u6211\u4eec\u4ea6\u62d2\u7edd\u534a\u4f2f\u62c9\u7ea0\u8005(Semi-Pelagians )\u7684\u6559\u8bad\uff0c\u5982\uff1a\u4eba\u51ed\u7740\u81ea\u5df1\u529b\u91cf\u80fd\u5f00\u59cb\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u6539\u53d8\u5f52\u6b63\u3014\u6094\u6539\u4e4b\u4e3e\u3015\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u9700\u7528\u5723\u7075\u6069\u5178\u6765\u5b8c\u6210\u5b83\u300210<\/p>\n<p>4. \u540c\u6837\u5f03\u7edd\u6559\u8bad\u5982\uff1a\u4eba\u5728\u6094\u6539\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u51ed\u5176\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\uff0c\u786e\u5b9e\u592a\u8f6f\u5f31\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f00\u59cb\u4f7f\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u5f52\u5411\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u5176\u80fd\u529b\u5168\u5fc3\u987a\u4ece\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5f8b\u6cd5\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u5723\u7075\u85c9\u5ba3\u8bb2\u5723\u9053\u5df2\u5f00\u59cb\u3014\u4eba\u6094\u6539\u5f52\u5411\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e4b\u4e3e\u52a8\u3015\uff0c\u5e76\u85c9\u5723\u9053\u4e4b\u5ba3\u8bb2\u63d0\u4f9b\u5176\u6069\u5178\uff0c\u4eba\u4e4b\u610f\u5fd7\u7acb\u5373\u5c31\u80fd\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u81ea\u7136\u80fd\u529b\u505a\u4e8b\u60c5(\u867d\u7136\u5c11\u4e14\u8f6f\u5f31)\u53bb\u5e2e\u52a9\u3001\u5408\u4f5c\u3001\u81ea\u6211\u9884\u5907\u63a5\u53d7\u6069\u5178\uff0c\u5b89\u6392\u5b83\uff0c\u4e86\u89e3\u800c\u63a5\u53d7\u6069\u5178\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u76f8\u4fe1\u798f\u97f3\u300211<\/p>\n<p>5. \u6211\u4eec\u540c\u6837\u62d2\u7edd\uff1a\u4eba\u5728\u6094\u6539\u540e\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u9075\u5b88\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e4b\u5f8b\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6b64\u79cd\u9075\u5b88\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9762\u524d\u4e4b\u4e49\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u85c9\u4e4b\u914d\u5f97\u6c38\u751f\u300212<\/p>\n<p>6. \u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u5f03\u7edd\u5492\u8bc5\u795e\u611f\u8005(Enthusiasts)\u5f02\u7aef\u3014\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u5723\u7075\u4e0d\u7528\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e4b\u9053\u7684\u5ba3\u8bb2\u800c\u76f4\u63a5\u5f97\u5929\u4e0a\u5149\u7167\u3015\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e7b\u60f3\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5438\u5f15\u4eba\u5f52\u5df1\uff0c\u5149\u7167\u4ed6\u4eec\uff0c\u5c06\u4ed6\u4eec\u79f0\u4e3a\u4e49\uff0c\u62ef\u6551\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u7528\u5a92\u4ecb\uff0c\u4e0d\u85c9\u542c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9053\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528\u5723\u793c\u300213<\/p>\n<p>7. \u6211\u4eec\u540c\u6837\u62d2\u7edd\u3014\u5047\u9053\u3015\u5982\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5728\u4f7f\u4eba\u91cd\u751f\u65f6\uff0c\u5168\u7136\u6bc1\u706d\u8001\u4e9a\u5f53\u539f\u8d28\u4e0e\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u7406\u6027\u7684\u7075\u9b42\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u6094\u6539\u548c\u91cd\u751f\u4e2d\uff0c\u7942\u7531\u865a\u65e0\u4e2d\u521b\u9020\u7075\u9b42\u65b0\u672c\u8d28\u300214<\/p>\n<p>8. \u6211\u4eec\u540c\u6837\u62d2\u7edd\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0a\u6240\u63d0\u9648\u8ff0\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u52a0\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u8bf4\u867d\u7136\u4eba\u4e4b\u610f\u5fd7\u5728\u6094\u6539\u524d\uff0c\u5728\u6094\u6539\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u53ca\u5728\u6094\u6539\u4e4b\u540e\u62b5\u6297\u5723\u7075\uff0c\u5723\u7075\u5374\u4ecd\u88ab\u8d50\u4e0e\u90a3\u6545\u610f\u575a\u6301\u62b5\u6297\u7942\u7684\u4eba\u300215\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u4e01\u66fe\u8bb2\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5728\u4f7f\u4eba\u6094\u6539\u4e4b\u4e3e\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c06\u4e0d\u613f\u610f\u7684\u4eba\u53d8\u6210\u613f\u610f\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4e14\u7942\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u613f\u610f\u7684\u4eba\u5185\u3002<br>\u6709\u53e4\u4ee3\u4e0e\u4eca\u65f6\u6559\u5e08\u4e2d\u66fe\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0b\u5217\u8bcd\u53e5\uff1a\u201c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5438\u5f15\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u5438\u5f15\u613f\u610f\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u201d\u6216\u201c\u4eba\u610f\u5fd7\u4e8e\u6094\u6539\u4e4b\u4e3e\u52a8\u4e2d\uff0c\u975e\u65e0\u6240\u4e8b\u4e8b\uff0c \u5374\u884c\u67d0\u4e8b\u3002\u201d 16\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bcd\u53e5\u65e2\u7136\u5f15\u5165\u4ee5\u575a\u632f\u4eba\u6094\u6539\u4e4b\u4e3e\u4e2d\u81ea\u7136\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u4e4b\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u53cd\u5bf9\u90a3\u8bba\u53ca\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6069\u5178\u9053\u7406\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4eec\u575a\u6301\u6b64\u8bcd\u53e5\u4e0d\u4e0e\u7eaf\u6d01\u9053\u7406\u6837\u5f0f\u76f8\u5408\uff0c\u7167\u6837\uff0c\u5f53\u8ba8\u8bba\u4eba\u5f52\u5411\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e4b\u4e8b\u65f6\uff0c\u6700\u597d\u4e0d\u7528\u3002<br>17\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6b63\u786e\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u6094\u6539\u4e4b\u4e3e\u4e2d\uff0c\u85c9\u5723\u7075\u4e4b\u5438\u5f15\u529b\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5c06\u56fa\u6267\u4e0d\u613f\u610f\u7684\u4eba\u6539\u53d8\u4e3a\u613f\u610f\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4eba\u6094\u6539\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u65e5\u65e5\u7ec3\u4e60\u6094\u6539\u65f6\uff0c\u4eba\u91cd\u751f\u4e4b\u610f\u5fd7\u975e\u95f2\u6563\u7684\uff0c\u4e43\u5728\u5723\u7075\u85c9\u6211\u4eec\u5b9e\u884c\u4e4b\u4e00\u5207\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e0a\u5408\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>9. \u7167\u6837\uff0c\u8def\u5fb7\u9648\u8ff0\uff1a\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u5728\u6094\u6539\u4e2d\u4e4b\u6001\u5ea6\u5b8c\u5168\u88ab\u52a8\u201d\uff08\u5373\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u4e0d\u4f5c\uff09\uff0c\u987b\u4e86\u89e3\u4e3a\u6307\u7740\u795e\u5723\u6069\u5178\u4e4b\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u5728\u4eba\u610f\u5fd7\u4e2d\u70b9\u71c3\u65b0\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u5982\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e4b\u7075\u85c9\u7740\u4eba\u5df2\u542c\u95fb\u4e4b\u9053\uff0c\u6216\u85c9\u4f7f\u7528\u5723\u793c\uff0c\u63e1\u4f4f\u4eba\u4e4b\u610f\u5fd7\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u65b0\u751f\u4e0e\u6094\u6539\u300218\u4f46\u5728\u5723\u7075\u4f5c\u6b64\u5de5\u5e76\u5b8c\u6210\u540e\uff0c\u4eba\u4e4b\u610f\u5fd7\u60df\u72ec\u85c9\u4e0a\u5e1d\u80fd\u529b\u4e0e\u52a8\u4f5c\u5f97\u6539\u53d8\u66f4\u65b0\uff0c\u4eba\u4e4b\u65b0\u610f\u5fd7\u6210\u4e3a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5723\u7075\u4e4b\u5de5\u5177\u548c\u5a92\u4ecb\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u4eba\u4e0d\u4ec5\u63e1\u4f4f\u6069\u5178\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0e\u5723\u7075\u5728\u6240\u968f\u7740\u4e4b\u5584\u884c\u5408\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>19\u4eba\u6094\u6539\u5f52\u5411\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u4ec5\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u6709\u6548\u539f\u56e0\uff1a\u5723\u7075\u53ca\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e4b\u9053\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5723\u7075\u6210\u5c31\u4eba\u6094\u6539\u4e4b\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u4eba\u8be5\u542c\u6b64\u9053\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u9760\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u4ed6\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f8\u4fe1\u63a5\u53d7\u5b83\uff0c\u4f46\u53ea\u6709\u85c9\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5723\u7075\u6069\u5178\u4e0e\u5de5\u4f5c\u76f8\u4fe1\u63a5\u53d7\u5b83\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e09 \u4e0a\u5e1d\u9762\u524d\u85c9\u4fe1\u79f0\u4e49<br>\u4e89\u8bba\u4e4b\u95ee\u9898<\/p>\n<p>1\u6211\u4eec\u5404\u533a\u4f1a\u6309\u7167\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9053\u548c\u5965\u65af\u4e3e\u4fe1\u6761\u5185\u5bb9\u5171\u540c\u627f\u8ba4\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u8d2b\u4e4f\u7f6a\u4eba\uff0c\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9762\u524d\u83b7\u5f97\u79f0\u4e49\u4e0e\u6551\u8d4e\uff0c\u60df\u4e00\u85c9\u4fe1\u9760\u57fa\u7763\uff0c\u5982\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u72ec\u4e00\u7684\u4e49\u3002\u7942\u662f\u771f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u548c\u4eba\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u7942\u91cc\u9762\u795e\u6027\u4e0e\u4eba\u6027\u4e43\u4f4d\u683c\u5730\u5f7c\u6b64\u8054\u5408\uff08\u8036\u4e8c\u5341\u4e096 \uff1b\u6797\u524d\u4e0030 \uff1b\u6797\u540e\u4e9421\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u524d\u8ff0\u7684\u9053\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u57fa\u7763\u6309\u4f55\u6027\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4e49\uff1f\u4e00\u4e9b\u533a\u4f1a\u5185\u4fb5\u5165\u4e86\u4e8c\u79cd\u865a\u5047\u5f7c\u6b64\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u6559\u8bad\u3002<\/p>\n<p>2\u4e00\u6d3e\u575a\u6301\uff1a\u57fa\u7763\u7167\u7942\u795e\u6027\u3014Godhead\u53c2\u7f57\u4e0020\u3015\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4e49\u3002\u5f53\u7942\u4ee5\u4fe1\u5c45\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u5185\u9762\uff0c\u4e07\u4eba\u7684\u7f6a\u5bf9\u6b64\u79cd\u795e\u6027\u4e4b\u540c\u5c45\u597d\u4f3c\u4e00\u6ef4\u6c34\u5bf9\u65e0\u6daf\u4e4b\u6d77\u6d0b\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u4e3b\u5f20\uff1a\u57fa\u7763\u60df\u7167\u4eba\u6027\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9762\u524d\u4e4b\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u80af\u5b9a\u9898<br>\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5bf9\u6b64\u4e24\u5f02\u7aef\u4e4b\u7eaf\u6b63\u9053\u7406<\/p>\n<p>1. 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terms\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5f92\u4fdd\u7f57\u4ee5\u6b64\u5b57\u5b8c\u5168\u5c06\u57fa\u7763\u529f\u52b3\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5206\u5f00\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u4e00\u5207\u8363\u8000\u60df\u4e00\u5f52\u57fa\u7763\u3002\u5982\u662f\u4f7f\u5f92\u4fdd\u7f57\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bf4\u6cd5\u5982\uff1a\u201c\u672c\u4e4e\u6069\u201d\uff08\u5f17\u4e8c8\uff09 \uff1b \u201c\u4e0d\u7528\u529f\u52b3\u201d\uff1b\u201c\u5728\u5f8b\u6cd5\u4e4b\u5916\u201d\uff08\u7f57\u4e0921\uff09\uff1b \u201c\u4e0d\u662f\u51fa\u4e8e\u884c\u4e3a\u201d\uff08\u5f17\u4e8c9\uff09\uff1b\u201c\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u884c\u7684\u4e49\u201d\uff08\u591a\u4e095\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5207\u8bcd\u53e5\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u8bf4\u660e \u6211\u4eec\u4e3a\u4e49\u4e14\u5f97\u6551\u201c\u60df\u85c9\u7740\u4fe1\u201d\u57fa\u7763\u300210<\/p>\n<p>8. 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\u4fe1\u5f92\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9762\u524d\u79f0\u4e3a\u4e49\u4e0e\u5f97\u6551\uff0c\u65e2\u85c9\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u4e49\u5f52\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eec\uff0c\u4e5f\u85c9\u521d\u53d1\u7684\u65b0\u987a\u4ece\uff1b\u6216\u8005\u90e8\u5206\u85c9\u57fa\u7763\u4e4b\u4e49\u5f52\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eec\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u85c9\u521d\u53d1\u7684\u65b0\u987a\u4ece\u300221<\/p>\n<p>10. \u6069\u5178\u5e94\u8bb8\u85c9\u5185\u5fc3\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u5e76\u85c9\u5634\u7684\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u85c9\u5176\u4ed6\u5fb7\u884c\u6210\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u300222<\/p>\n<p>11. \u65e0\u5584\u884c\u4e4b\u4fe1\u5fc3\u4e0d\u79f0\u4eba\u4e3a\u4e49\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff1a\u5584\u884c\u662f\u4e49\u4e4b\u5fc5\u9700\uff0c\u82e5\u65e0\u5584\u884c\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4eba\u4e0d\u80fd\u8499\u79f0\u4e49\u300223<\/p>\n<p>\u56db\u5584\u884c<br>\u8bba\u5584\u884c\u4e89\u8fa9\u4e4b\u4e3b\u8981\u95ee\u9898<\/p>\n<p>1. \u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u533a\u4f1a\u4e2d\u66fe\u751f\u8d77\u4e24\u79cd\u5173\u4e8e\u5584\u884c\u9053\u7406\u4e4b\u4e89\u8fa9\uff1a 1<br>\u51e0\u4f4d\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5206\u88c2\u4e4b\u539f\u56e0\u662f\uff1a\u4e00\u6d3e\u65ad\u8a00\u5584\u884c\u4e43\u5f97\u6551\u4e4b\u5fc5\u9700\uff1b\u6ca1\u6709\u5584\u884c\u5373\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5f97\u6551\uff1b\u65e0\u5584\u884c\u7684\u4eba\u4ece\u672a\u5f97\u6551\u3002 \u53e6\u4e00\u6d3e\u65ad\u8a00\uff1a\u5584\u884c\u6709\u635f\u4e8e\u5f97\u6551\u30022<\/p>\n<p>2. \u51e0\u4f4d\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff0c\u751f\u8d77\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e89\u8fa9\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u5fc5\u987b\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u4e8c\u5b57\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\u30023\u4e00\u65b9\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u65b0\u987a\u4ece\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e94\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u5fc5\u987b\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u3014\u5584\u884c\u3015\u975e\u7531\u4e8e\u9700\u8981\u6216\u5f3a\u8feb\uff0c\u4e43\u51fa\u4e8e\u81ea\u53d1\u7684\u7075\u3002\u4ed6\u65b9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u201c\u5fc5\u987b\u201d\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u65b0\u987a\u4ece\u4e0d\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u7531\u5b9a\u593a\u7684\u4e8b\u9879\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u91cd\u751f\u4e4b\u4eba\u5fc5\u987b\u884c\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>4\u8d77\u521d\u6b64\u4e89\u8fa9\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5173\u4e8e\u8bed\u4e49\u7684\u95ee\u9898semantic issue\u3002\u540e\u6765\u53d1\u5c55\u6210\u771f\u4e89\u8fa9\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u575a\u6301\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u5e94\u5411\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u8bb2\u5f8b\u6cd5\uff0c\u5e94\u60df\u57fa\u4e8e\u798f\u97f3\u529d\u52c9\u4eba\u884c\u5584\u3002\u4ed6\u65b9\u5219\u5426\u8ba4\u6b64\u610f\u89c1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u80af\u5b9a\u9898<br>\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4f1a\u5173\u4e8e\u6b64\u4e89\u8fa9\u4e4b\u7eaf\u6b63\u9053\u7406<\/p>\n<p>5\u4e3a\u4ece\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u8bf4\u660e\u6b64\u4e89\u8fa9\uff0c\u800c\u89e3\u51b3\u5b83\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9053\u7406\u3001\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u4e0e\u627f\u8ba4\u662f\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>1. \u5584\u884c\uff0c\u50cf\u597d\u6811\u7684\u679c\u5b9e\uff0c\u786e\u5b9e\u65e0\u7591\u5730\u968f\u7740\u771f\u6b63\u4fe1\u5fc3\u2014\u2014\u5018\u82e5\u5b83\u662f\u6d3b\u7684\u800c\u975e\u6b7b\u4fe1\u30026<\/p>\n<p>2. \u6211\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\u3001\u6559\u5bfc\uff0c\u5e76\u627f\u8ba4\uff1a\u5584\u884c\u5e94\u4ece\uff0c\u4eba\u4e4b\u6551\u8d4e\u548c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0a\u5e1d\u524d\u79f0\u4e49\u4e24\u6761\u6b3e\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u6d88\u9664\u30027\u4f7f\u5f92\u4ee5\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\u4f5c\u8bc1\uff1a<br>\u201c\u6b63\u5982\u5927\u536b\u79f0\u90a3\u5728\u884c\u4e3a\u4ee5\u5916\u8499\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7b97\u4e3a\u4e49\u7684\u4eba\u662f\u6709\u798f\u7684\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\u201c\u5f97\u8d66\u514d\u5176\u8fc7\uff0c\u906e\u76d6\u5176\u7f6a\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4eba\u662f\u6709\u798f\u7684\u201d\uff08\u7f57\u56db6 &#8211; 8\uff09\u3002\u53c8\uff1a\u201c\u4f60\u4eec\u5f97\u6551\u662f\u672c\u4e4e\u6069\uff0c\u4e5f\u56e0\u7740\u4fe1\uff0c\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u51fa\u4e8e\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6240\u8d50\u7684\uff1b\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u51fa\u4e8e\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u514d\u5f97\u6709\u4eba\u81ea\u5938\u201d\uff08\u5f17\u4e8c8 \u30019\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>3. \u6211\u4eec\u66f4\u76f8\u4fe1\u3001\u6559\u5bfc\uff0c\u5e76\u627f\u8ba4\uff1a\u4e07\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u7279\u522b\u90a3\u85c9\u5723\u7075\u91cd\u751f\u800c\u66f4\u65b0\u7684\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u4e43\u8d1f\u6709\u4e49\u52a1\u884c\u5584\u30028<\/p>\n<p>4. \u7167\u6b64\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u624d\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u800c\u6309\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u65b9\u5f0f\u5e94\u7528\u201c\u5fc5\u987b\u201d\uff0c \u201c\u5e94\u8be5\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u52a1\u5fc5\u201d\u4e8e\u91cd\u751f\u8005\uff0c\u4e14\u51b3\u4e0d\u4e0e\u7eaf\u6d01\u8a00\u8bed\u548c\u8bcd\u53e5\u5f62\u5f0f\u76f8\u53cd\u30029<\/p>\n<p>5. \u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u5f53\u5c06\u201c\u5fc5\u987b\u201d\u201c\u5e94\u8be5\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u52a1\u5fc5\u201d\u6b63\u786e\u800c\u6309\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u65b9\u5f0f\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u91cd\u751f\u4eba\uff0c\u4fbf\u4e0d\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u5f8b\u6cd5\u4e4b\u5f3a\u5236\uff0c\u6216\u5a01\u903c\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u81ea\u53d1\u7684\u7075\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u201c\u4e0d\u5728\u5f8b\u6cd5\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e43\u5728\u6069\u5178\u4e4b\u4e0b\u201d\uff08\u7f57\u516d14 \uff1b\u4e036 \uff1b\u516b14\uff09\u300210<\/p>\n<p>6. \u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u76f8\u4fe1\u3001\u6559\u5bfc\uff0c\u5e76\u627f\u8ba4\u90a3\u9648\u8ff0\uff1a\u201c\u91cd\u751f\u4eba\u7531\u4e8e\u81ea\u7531\u7075\u884c\u5584\u201d\uff0c\u4e0d\u8be5\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u597d\u4f3c\u91cd\u751f\u4eba\u53ef\u81ea\u9009\u884c\u5584\u6216\u4e0d\u884c\u5584\uff0c\u4e14\u80fd\u575a\u6301\u6545\u610f\u72af\u7f6a\uff0c\u800c\u4ecd\u7136\u4fdd\u5b58\u4fe1\u5fc3\u300211<\/p>\n<p>7. \u4f46\u8fd9\u4e8b\u5f53\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\uff0c\u6b63\u50cf\u6211\u4eec\u4e3b\u4e0e\u4f7f\u5f92\u81ea\u5df1\u8bf4\u660e\u5b83\uff0c\u53ea\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u5df2\u88ab\u91ca\u653e\u5f97\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u7075\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5f97\u7740\u91ca\u653e\u7684\u7075\u884c\u5584\uff0c\u4e0d\u51fa\u81ea\u60e7\u6015\u5211\u7f5a\uff0c\u50cf\u5974\u4ec6\uff0c\u5374\u51fa\u81ea\u7231\u4e49\u7684\u5fc3\uff0c\u50cf\u513f\u5973\u6837\u5f0f\uff08\u7f57\u516b15\uff09\u300212<\/p>\n<p>8. \u7136\u800c\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9009\u6c11\u5185\u9762\uff0c\u6b64\u81ea\u53d1\u6027\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\uff0c\u4ecd\u88ab\u8bb8\u591a\u8f6f\u5f31\u6240\u963b\u788d\uff0c\u5982\u5723\u4fdd\u7f57\u4e8e\u7f57\u4e0314-25\u4e0e\u52a0\u4e9417\u5185\u62b1\u6028\u81ea\u5df1\u300213<\/p>\n<p>9. \u867d\u7136\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4e3b\u56e0\u57fa\u7763\u4e4b\u6545\u4e0d\u5c06\u6b64\u8f6f\u5f31\u7b97\u4e3a\u9009\u6c11\u7684\u503a\uff0c \u5982\u7ecf\u4e0a\u6240\u8bb0\uff1a\u201c\u5982\u4eca\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u8036\u7a23\u91cc\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u5b9a\u7f6a\u4e86\u201d\uff08\u7f57\u516b1\uff09\u300214<\/p>\n<p>10. \u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u76f8\u4fe1\u3001\u6559\u5bfc\uff0c\u5e76\u627f\u8ba4\uff1a\u4e0d\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u800c\u4ec5\u662f\u5723\u7075\u85c9\u7740\u4fe1\u4f5c\u5de5\uff0c\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u5185\u9762\u4fdd\u5b58\u4fe1\u4ef0\u548c\u6551\u8d4e\u3002\u5584\u884c\u662f\u5723\u7075\u5b58\u5728\u5c45\u4f4f\u3014\u4fe1\u5f92\u5185\u9762\u3015\u4e4b\u8bc1\u636e\u300215<\/p>\n<p>\u5047\u5bf9\u6bd4\u9898<br>1. 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\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u6b64\u4e0e\u5723\u793c\u6d3e\u4e89\u8fa9\u4e2d\uff0c\u6240\u7ad9\u7684\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u7686\u662f\u8def\u5fb7\u535a\u58eb\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u5927\u8ba4\u4fe1\uff08Great Confession\u8def\u5fb7\u4f5c\u54c1\u89c1\u4e8eVom Abendmahl Christi, Bekenntnis, in WA, 26:261\u2013509\uff09\u4e2d\u63d0\u8bae\u7684\uff1a10<br>11 \u201c\u7b2c\u4e00\u7acb\u573a\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u6761\u6b3e\uff1a\u8036\u7a23\u57fa\u7763\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u672c\u8d28\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u3001\u6574\u4e2a\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u548c\u4eba\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4f4d\u683c\u5185\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5206\u79bb\u3001\u9694\u7edd\u3014\u795e\u6027\u4e0e\u4eba\u6027\u3015\u3002<br>12 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sacramental union of the elements\u201d\u3015\u4ee5\u5929\u7136\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u5c5e\u5929\u6807\u5f0f\u3014\u9886\u53d7\u4e4b\u3015\u3002\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u8bdd\u660e\u767d\u6307\u5bfc\u6211\u4eec\u62ff\u7740\u5403\u559d\uff0c\u4e0e\u4f7f\u5f92\u6210\u5c31\u8fd9\u4e00\u5207\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7ecf\u4e0a\u8bb0\u7740\uff1a\u201c\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u559d\u4e86\u201d \uff08\u53ef\u5341\u56db23\uff09\u3002\u5723\u4fdd\u7f57\u4e5f\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u795d\u798f\u7684\u997c\uff0c\u5c82\u4e0d\u662f\u540c\u9886\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u4e48\uff1f\u201d \uff08\u6797\u524d\u534116\uff09\u2014 \u2014\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u8c01\u82e5\u5403\u8fd9\u997c\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5403\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u66fe\u662f\u6559\u7236\u9886\u8896\u6240\u5171\u540c\u6559\u8bad\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u5c48\u68ad\u591a\u6a21\uff08Chrysostom\uff09\uff0c\u5c45\u666e\u826f\uff08Cyprian \uff09\uff0c\u5229\u6b27\u7b2c\u4e00\uff08 Leo I\uff09\uff0c\u683c\u54e5\u7acb\uff08Gregory\uff09\uff0c\u5b89\u6ce2\u7f57\u4fee\uff08Ambrose\uff09\uff0c\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u4e01\uff08Augustine\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>7. 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\u6211\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\u3001\u6559\u5bfc\uff0c\u5e76\u627f\u8ba4\uff1a\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0d\u914d\u7684\u5ba2\u4eba\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u7684\u4eba\u300218\u7ecf\u4e0a\u8bba\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bb0\u7740\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u4e0d\u4fe1\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u7f6a\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b9a\u4e86\u201d \uff08\u7ea6\u4e0918\uff09\u3002\u4e0d\u914d\u8005\u4f7f\u7528\u5723\u793c\u589e\u52a0\u3001\u5e7f\u5927\u3001\u52a0\u91cd\u5b9a\u7f6a\uff08\u6797\u524d\u5341\u4e0027\u300129\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>9. \u6211\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\u3001\u6559\u5bfc\uff0c\u5e76\u627f\u8ba4\uff1a\u4e00\u4f4d\u771f\u4fe1\u5f92\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u6709\u591a\u8f6f\u5f31\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u4fdd\u6709\u6d3b\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u9886\u53d7\u5723\u665a\u9910\u7edd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u7b97\u4e3a\u5492\u8bc5\u5b9a\u7f6a\uff0c\u56e0\u57fa\u7763\u7279\u522b\u4e3a\u4fe1\u5fc3\u8f6f\u5f31\u5374\u6094\u6539\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u8bbe\u7acb\u6b64\u665a\u9910\uff0c\u4e3a\u8981\u5b89\u6170\u4ed6\u4eec\uff0c\u5e76\u575a\u56fa\u4ed6\u4eec\u8f6f\u5f31\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\u300219<\/p>\n<p>10. \u6211\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\u3001\u6559\u5bfc\uff0c\u5e76\u627f\u8ba4\uff1a\u8d74\u6b64\u5929\u4e0a\u7b75\u5e2d\u7684\u5ba2\u4eba\u5b8c\u5168\u914d\u5f97\uff0c\u60df\u5728\u4e4e\u57fa\u7763\u81f3\u5723\u987a\u4ece\u4e0e\u5b8c\u5168\u529f\u52b3\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u85c9\u7740\u771f\u5b9e\u4fe1\u5fc3\u5c06\u6b64\u529f\u52b3\u636e\u4e3a\u5df1\u6709\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u85c9\u5723\u793c\u5f97\u6709\u57fa\u7763\u529f\u52b3\u5f52\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4fdd\u8bc1\u300220\u914d\u9886\u4e3b\u665a\u9910\u4e1d\u4eb3\u4e0d\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5fb7\u884c\uff0c\u6216\u6211\u4eec\u91cc\u5916\u7684\u9884\u5907\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5bf9\u6bd4\u9898<br>\u5723\u793c\u6d3e\u76f8\u53cd\u4e14\u53ef\u5492\u8bc5\u4e4b\u9053\u7406<\/p>\n<p>21\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u81f4\u62d2\u7edd\u5492\u8bc5\u4e0b\u5217\u4f17\u5f02\u7aef\uff0c\u5373\u4e0e\u524d\u8ff0\u9053\u7406\u53ca\u6211\u4eec\u6734\u5b9e\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e0e\u57fa\u7763\u665a\u9910\u4e4b\u627f\u8ba4\u4e92\u76f8\u5bf9\u7acb\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>1. \u6559\u7687\u5236\u5316\u4f53\u8bba\uff08transubstantiation \uff09\uff0c\u5373\u7f57\u9a6c\u6559\u7687\u5236\u4e0b\u6240\u6559\u5bfc\uff1a\u997c\u4e0e\u9152\u5728\u5723\u665a\u9910\u5185\u5931\u53bb\u5176\u539f\u8d28\u4e0e\u5929\u7136\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u4e14\u5982\u662f\u88ab\u6d88\u706d\u800c\u53d8\u8d28\u6210\u4e3a\u57fa\u7763\u4e4b\u8eab\u4f53\uff0c\u53ea\u4fdd\u5b58\u5916\u8868\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u300222<\/p>\n<p>2. \u6559\u7687\u6d3e\u4e3a\u6d3b\u4eba\u6b7b\u4eba\u6240\u732e\u7684\u5f25\u6492\u796d\u300223<\/p>\n<p>3. \u4ec5\u5bf9\u5e73\u4fe1\u5f92\u4e3e\u884c\u4e00\u79cd\u539f\u8d28\u3014\u997c\u3015\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4e88\u4ed6\u4eec\u676f\uff0c\u8fdd\u53cd\u57fa\u7763\u9057\u5631\u3014\u65b0\u7ea6\u3015\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u4fe1\u5f92\u4e0d\u80fd\u4eab\u53d7\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u8840\u300224<\/p>\n<p>4. \u90a3\u6559\u8bad\u8c13\uff1a\u57fa\u7763\u7acb\u7ea6\u4e4b\u8a00\u4e0d\u5f97\u6309\u5176\u7b80\u5355\u5b57\u4e49\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u6216\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u800c\u4e3a\u8499\u6627\u4e0d\u660e\u4e4b\u8bed\uff0c\u987b\u5148\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u7ecf\u6587\u5185\u5bfb\u6c42\u610f\u4e49\u300225<\/p>\n<p>5. \u5728\u5723\u793c\u5185\u4e0d\u4ee5\u53e3\u540c\u7740\u997c\u9886\u53d7\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\uff0c\u800c\u4ee5\u53e3\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u9886\u53d7\u997c\u4e0e\u9152\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u6309\u5c5e\u7075\u65b9\u6cd5\u85c9\u4fe1\u9886\u53d7\u57fa\u7763\u4e4b\u8eab\u4f53\u300226<\/p>\n<p>6. \u5723\u665a\u9910\u4e4b\u997c\u4e0e\u9152\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u85c9\u4e4b\u5f7c\u6b64\u76f8\u8bc6\u7684\u8868\u53f7\u300227<\/p>\n<p>7. \u997c\u4e0e\u9152\u53ea\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u8fdc\u79bb\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u4e0e\u8840\u4e4b\u6bd4\u55bb\u3001\u5f71\u50cf\u3001\u4ee3\u8868\u300228<\/p>\n<p>8. \u997c\u4e0e\u9152\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u63d0\u9192\u7269\u3001\u5370\u8bc1\u3001\u4e0e\u8a93\u7ea6\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u4fe1\u5fc3\u5347\u4e0a\u5929\u65f6\uff0c\u5373\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u4eab\u53d7\u57fa\u7763\u8eab\u4f53\u548c\u8840\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u665a\u9910\u4e2d\u5403\u559d\u997c\u9152\u4e00\u6837\u300229<\/p>\n<p>9. \u5728\u5723\u665a\u9910\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u83b7\u5f97\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e4b\u575a\u56fa\u4e0e\u4fdd\u8bc1\uff0c\u60df\u4e00\u85c9\u4f5c\u5916\u8868\u8bb0\u53f7\u4e4b\u997c\u9152\uff0c\u4e0d\u85c9\u57fa\u7763\u771f\u6b63\u5b58\u5728\u4e4b\u8eab\u4f53\u4e0e\u8840\u300230<\/p>\n<p>10. \u5728\u5723\u665a\u9910\u5185\uff0c\u53ea\u5206\u9012\u57fa\u7763\u4e0d\u5728\u573a\u4e4b\u8eab\u4f53\u4e0e\u8840\u7684\u6743\u67c4\u3001\u5de5\u4f5c\u548c\u529f\u52b3\u300231<\/p>\n<p>11. \u57fa\u7763\u4e4b\u8eab\u4f53\u5173\u5728\u5929\u4e0a\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u65f6\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u5404\u5730\uff0c\u66f4\u65e0\u6cd5\u5728\u4e3e\u884c\u5723\u665a\u9910\u5404\u5904\u5b58\u5728\u300232<\/p>\n<p>12. \u57fa\u7763\u672a\u5fc5\u80fd\u5e94\u8bb8\u7942\u8eab\u4f53\u548c\u8840\uff0c\u6309\u672c\u8d28\u5728\u5723\u665a\u9910\u5185\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c24\u5176\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9e\u8df5\u6b64\u79cd\u5e94\u8bb8\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7942\u6240\u53d7\u4eba\u6027\u4e4b\u7279\u6027\u4e0d\u5f97\u5fcd\u53d7\u6216\u8d5e\u6210\u8fd9\u4e8b\u300233<\/p>\n<p>13. \u4e0a\u5e1d\u5373\u4f7f\u540c\u7740\u7942\u6240\u6709\u5168\u80fd\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\uff08\u53ef\u60e7\u6015\u7684\u9648\u8ff0\uff01\uff09\u4f7f\u7942\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u7167\u672c\u8d28\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u65f6\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u5730\u65b9\u300234<\/p>\n<p>14. \u4f7f\u57fa\u7763\u8eab\u4f53\u548c\u8840\u5b58\u5728\u5723\u665a\u9910\u5185\u7684\u662f\u4eba\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\uff0c\u975e\u57fa\u7763\u7acb\u7ea6\u3014\u9057\u5631\u3015\u5168\u80fd\u8a00\u8bed\u300235<\/p>\n<p>15. \u4fe1\u5f92\u4e0d\u5e94\u5728\u5723\u665a\u9910\u4e4b\u997c\u4e0e\u9152\u5185\u5bfb\u627e\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u3001\u773c\u775b\u5f53\u4e0d\u770b\u997c\uff0c\u800c\u5f80\u5929\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u513f\u5bfb\u6c42\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u300236<\/p>\n<p>16. \u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e0e\u672a\u6094\u6539\u4e4b\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\uff0c\u5728\u5723\u665a\u9910\u5185\u975e\u9886\u53d7\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u548c\u8840\uff0c\u4ec5\u662f\u997c\u4e0e\u9152\u300237<\/p>\n<p>17. \u8d74\u5929\u4e0a\u6b64\u7b75\u5e2d\u4e4b\u5ba2\u4eba\u914d\u5f97\u4e0d\u53ea\u5728\u4e8e\u5bf9\u57fa\u7763\u4e4b\u771f\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u4e5f\u5728\u4e8e\u4eba\u5916\u8868\u4e4b\u9884\u5907\u300238<\/p>\n<p>18. \u771f\u5b9e\u4fe1\u5f92\u867d\u7136\u5b9e\u5728\u4e14\u6d3b\u6cfc\u7684\u76f8\u4fe1\u57fa\u7763\uff0c\u4e5f\u80fd\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5ba1\u5224\u9886\u53d7\u6b64\u5723\u793c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5916\u8868\u884c\u4e3a\u4ecd\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u300239<\/p>\n<p>19. \u5723\u793c\u4e2d\u5916\u8868\u53ef\u89c1\u5143\u7d20\u997c\u4e0e\u9152\u5e94\u53d7\u4eba\u656c\u62dc\u300240<\/p>\n<p>20. \u7167\u540c\u6837\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u4e00\u5207\u81ea\u8d1f\u3001\u597d\u8bbd\u523a\u3001\u4eb5\u6e0e\u95ee\u9898\u4e0e\u53d9\u8ff0\u4ea4\u7ed9\u4e0a\u5e1d\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u5ba1\u5224\uff0c\u4f53\u9762\u4e5f\u7981\u6b62\u6211\u4eec\u590d\u8ff0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5723\u793c\u6d3e\u4ee5\u6700\u6bc1\u8c24\u5730\u4e0e\u5f97\u7f6a\u4eba\u5730\u7c97\u4fd7\u3001\u5c5e\u8089\u4f53\u3001\u8fe6\u767e\u519c\u7684\uff0c\u4e0e\u618e\u6076\u6837\u5f0f\u8fb1\u9a82\u6b64\u5723\u793c\u8d85\u5929\u7136\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u5c5e\u5929\u4e4b\u79d8\u5bc6\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u300241<\/p>\n<p>21. 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\u4e0e\u627f\u8ba4\u4e0b\u5217\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>1. \u795e\u6027\u4e0e\u4eba\u6027\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u5185\u7167\u4f4d\u683c\u8054\u5408\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\uff1a\u65e0\u4e24\u4f4d\u57fa\u7763\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u513f\u5b50\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u662f\u4eba\u7684\u513f\u5b50\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u4e00\u5355\u72ec\u4e2a\u4eba\u517c\u4e3a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u513f\u5b50\u4e0e\u4eba\u7684\u513f\u5b50\uff08\u8def\u4e0035\uff1b\u7f57\u4e5d5\uff09\u30025<\/p>\n<p>2. \u6211\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\u3001\u6559\u5bfc\uff0c\u5e76\u627f\u8ba4\uff1a\u795e\u6027\u4e0e\u4eba\u6027\u4e0d\u878d\u5408\u4e00\u79cd\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u4e00\u6027\u4e0d\u6539\u4e3a\u4ed6\u6027\uff0c\u6bcf\u6027\u4fdd\u5b58\u5b83\u672c\u8d28\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u7279\u6027\u6c38\u4e0d\u6210\u4ed6\u6027\u4e4b\u7279\u6027\u30026<\/p>\n<p>3. 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\u88ab\u9ad8\u4e3e\u81f3\u4eab\u6709\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5a01\u4e25\u65e0\u6240\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e4b\u6743\u67c4\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u4eba\uff0c\u5176\u4eba\u6027\u4ff1\u6709\u4e0e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u513f\u5b50\u6df1\u5965\u4e0d\u53ef\u8a00\u8bed\u4e4b\u8054\u5408\u4e0e\u4ea4\u901a\uff0c\u4e0e\u7942\u6210\u4e00\u4f4d\u683c\u300213<\/p>\n<p>9. \u6240\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5e1d\u513f\u5b50\u771f\u6b63\u66ff\u6211\u4eec\u53d7\u82e6\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6309\u7167\u7942\u63a5\u5165\u7942\u795e\u6027\u4f4d\u683c\u8054\u5408\u6210\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4eba\u6027\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u7942\u80fd\u591f\u53d7\u82e6\uff0c\u4e3a\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u4e0e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u548c\u597d\uff0c\u4f5c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u796d\u53f8\u957f\uff0c\u5982\u7ecf\u4e0a\u8bb0\u4e8e\u6797\u524d\u4e8c8 \uff1a\u4ed6\u4eec\u201c\u628a\u8363\u8000\u7684\u4e3b\u9489\u5728\u5341\u5b57\u67b6\u4e0a\u201d\u53c8\u5728\u5f92\u4e8c\u534128\uff08\u201c\u7267\u517b\u795e\u7684\u6559\u4f1a\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4ed6\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u8840\u6240\u4e70\u6765\u7684\u201d\uff09\u63d0\u53ca\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u7528\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u8840\u4e70\u6765\u7684\u300214<\/p>\n<p>10. \u6545\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\u3001\u6559\u5bfc\uff0c\u5e76\u627f\u8ba4\uff1a\u4eba\u5b50\u3014\u8036\u7a23\u57fa\u7763\u3015\u7167\u5176\u4eba\u6027\u5b9e\u5728\uff08\u5373\u6309\u5b9e\u60c5\u4e0e\u771f\u7406\uff09\u88ab\u9ad8\u4e3e\u81f3\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5168\u80fd\u5a01\u4e25\u548c\u6743\u67c4\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7942\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\u5165\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5185\u9762\uff0c\u5f53\u7942\u7531\u5723\u7075\u5728\u7942\u6bcd\u4eb2\u8179\u5185\u6210\u5b55\uff0c\u7942\u7684\u4eba\u6027\u4e0e\u81f3\u9ad8\u513f\u5b50\u6309\u4f4d\u683c\u8054\u5408\u300215<br>\u3014\u5b89\u5fb7\u70c8\u539f\u7a3f\u9644\u52a0\uff1a\u201c\u7167\u6837\u5728\u5176\u590d\u6d3b\u540e\u4e0d\u80fd\u66f4\u88ab\u9ad8\u4e3e\uff0c\u56e0\u7942\u4e0d\u987b\u7b49\u5230\u590d\u6d3b\u540e\u624d\u6210\u4e3a\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u6216\u4f7f\u7942\u4eba\u6027\u6309\u4f4d\u683c\u4e4b\u6cd5\u4e0e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u513f\u5b50\u8054\u5408\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u7942\u4e8e\u6bcd\u80ce\u6210\u5b55\u540e\uff0c\u7acb\u523b\u6210\u4e3a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0e\u4eba\u3002\u3015<\/p>\n<p>11. \u6309\u7167\u4f4d\u683c\u8054\u5408\uff0c\u7942\u65f6\u65f6\u4eab\u6709\u6b64\u5a01\u4e25\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u7942\u5351\u5fae\u5730\u4f4d\u4e2d\uff0c\u7942\u514d\u9664\u3014\u4e0d\u65f6\u5e38\u5b8c\u5168\u4f7f\u7528\u3015\u5b83\uff0c\u5e76\u80fd\u56e0\u6b64\u771f\u6b63\u589e\u957f\u5e74\u9f84\u3001\u667a\u6167\uff0c\u53ca\u4e0a\u5e1d\u548c\u4eba\u559c\u7231\u7942\u7684\u5fc3\uff0c\u56e0\u7942\u4e0d\u5e38\u663e\u9732\u6b64\u5a01\u4e25\uff0c\u53ea\u5728\u559c\u60a6\u5b83\u65f6\u663e\u9732\u300216\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u7942\u590d\u6d3b\u540e\uff0c\u7942\u5b8c\u5168\u8131\u4e0b\u5974\u4ec6\u7684\u5f62\u50cf\uff08\u4e0d\u8131\u4e0b\u4eba\u6027\uff0c\u8153\u4e8c7\uff09\uff0c\u88ab\u8bbe\u7acb\u4ee5\u5b8c\u5168\u3014\u7167\u4eba\u6027\u3015\u4f7f\u7528\u3001\u542f\u793a\uff0c\u5e76\u663e\u73b0\u7942\u795e\u5723\u5a01\u4e25\u3002\u5982\u662f\u7942\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u7942\u7684\u8363\u8000\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u73b0\u4eca\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4eba\uff0c\u77e5\u9053\u4e07\u4e8b\uff0c\u80fd\u4f5c\u4e07\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e3a\u5168\u53d7\u9020\u7269\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5929\u4e0a\u5730\u4e0a\u5730\u5e95\u4e0b\u6240\u6709\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u5728\u7942\u7684\u811a\u4e0b\u624b\u4e2d\uff08\u7ea6\u5341\u4e093\uff09\uff0c\u5982\u7942\u81ea\u5df1\u4f5c\u8bc1\uff1a\u201c\u5929\u4e0a\u5730\u4e0b\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6743\u67c4\uff0c\u90fd\u8d50\u7ed9\u6211\u4e86\u201d\uff08\u592a\u4e8c\u5341\u516b18\uff09\uff0c \u5e76\u5982\u5723\u4fdd\u7f57\u8bf4\uff1a\u7942\u201c\u8fdc\u5347\u8bf8\u5929\u4e4b\u4e0a\u8981\u5145\u6ee1\u4e07\u6709\u201d\uff08\u5f17\u56db1\uff09\u3002\u7942\u5b58\u5728\u5404\u5904\uff0c\u8fd0\u7528\u6743\u67c4\u80fd\u4f5c\u4e07\u4e8b\uff0c\u77e5\u9053\u4e07\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>12. \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7942\u80fd\u5bb9\u6613\u7684\u5c06\u7942\u4e34\u5728\u7684\u771f\u8eab\u4f53\u548c\u8840\u8d50\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u5723\u665a\u9910\u91cc\uff0c\u975e\u6309\u7167\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0e\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u6309\u7167\u4e0a\u5e1d\u53f3\u8fb9\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0e\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u5982\u8def\u5fb7\u535a\u58eb\u6839\u636e\u6211\u4eec\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4fe1\u7ecf\uff08\u6ce8\uff1a\u8def\u5fb7\u5bf9\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u4fe1\u7ecf\u7684\u89e3\u91caWA, 26:326ff.; 23:131ff.\uff09\u6240\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u5982\u6b64\u5c06\u8fd9\u9053\u6559\u5bfc\u6211\u4eec\u513f\u5973\u300217\u6b64\u4e34\u5728presence\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e16\u4fd7\u6216\u5c5e\u8fe6\u4f2f\u519c\u5f0f\uff0c\u5374\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u548c\u672c\u8d28\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u57fa\u7763\u7acb\u7ea6\u7684\u8bdd\u9648\u660e\uff1a\u201c\u8fd9\u662f\uff0c\u662f\uff0c\u662f\u6211\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u3002\u201d\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>18\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u9053\u7406\u3001\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u4e0e\u627f\u8ba4\u4e0d\u5c06\u57fa\u7763\u4f4d\u683c\u5206\u5f00\uff0c\u5982\u6e7c\u65af\u591a\u7559(Nestorius )\u6240\u884c\u3002\u4ed6\u5426\u8ba4\u57fa\u7763\u4e8c\u6027\u7279\u6027\u771f\u5b9e\u5206\u4eab\uff0c\u4ed6\u5982\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u5206\u5f00\u4f4d\u683c\uff0c\u5982\u8def\u5fb7\u5728\u5176\u8bba\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e4b\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u8bf4\u660e\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u6df7\u5408\u4e8c\u6027\u53ca\u5176\u7279\u6027\u4e3a\u4e00\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u5982\u4f18\u63d0\u514b\u65af(Eutyches)\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u6559\u5bfc\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u5426\u8ba4\u6216\u6d88\u9664\u57fa\u7763\u4f4d\u683c\u4e4b\u4eba\u6027\uff0c\u6216\u5c06\u4e00\u6027\u6539\u4e3a\u4ed6\u6027\u3002\u57fa\u7763\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0e\u4eba\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u5206\u5f00\u4f4d\u683c\u5185\uff0c\u5e76\u5982\u662f\u5b58\u7559\u76f4\u5230\u6c38\u8fdc\u3002\u5723\u4e09\u4f4d\u4e00\u4f53\u662f\u81f3\u9ad8\u5965\u79d8\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u6b21\u7684\u5927\u5965\u5999\u5c31\u662f\u8bba\u57fa\u7763\u4e4b\u4f4d\u683c\uff0c\u5982\u4f7f\u5f92\u4f5c\u8bc1(\u63d0\u524d\u4e0916)\uff0c\u3014\u6b64\u9053\u3015\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5b89\u6170\u3001\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u4e0e\u6551\u8d4e\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u6cc9\u6e90\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5bf9\u6bd4\u9898<br>\u8bba\u57fa\u7763\u4f4d\u683c\u4e4b\u76f8\u53cd\u9519\u8bef\u9053\u7406<\/p>\n<p>19\u7167\u6837\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5f03\u7edd\u5492\u8bc5\u4e0b\u5217\u9519\u8bef\u6761\u6b3e\u4e3a\u4e0e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e4b\u9053\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u6734\u5b9e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u7ecf\u76f8\u53cd\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>1. \u5728\u57fa\u7763\u91cc\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u548c\u4eba\u975e\u4e00\u4f4d\u683c\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u513f\u5b50\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f4d\u683c\uff0c\u4eba\u5b50\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f4d\u683c\uff0c\u5982\u6e7c\u65af\u591a\u65af(Nestorius )\u611a\u6627\u4e4b\u65ad\u8a00\u300220<\/p>\n<p>2. \u795e\u6027\u4e0e\u4eba\u6027\u6df7\u5408\u4e3a\u4e00\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u4eba\u6027\u66fe\u6539\u53d8\u795e\u6027\uff0c\u5982\u4f18\u63d0\u514b\u65af(Eultyches)\u6240\u68a6\u60f3\u300221<\/p>\n<p>3. \u57fa\u7763\u975e\u771f\u6b63\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u3001\u6c38\u8fdc\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u5982\u4e9a\u6d41(Arius)\u6240\u4e3b\u5f20\u300222<\/p>\n<p>4. \u57fa\u7763\u672a\u66fe\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u4eba\u6027\u53ca\u8eab\u4f53\u548c\u7075\u9b42\uff0c\u5982\u9a6c\u5409\u5b89(Marcion)\u6240\u5e7b\u60f3\u300223<\/p>\n<p>5. \u4f4d\u683c\u8054\u5408\u4ec5\u4f7f\u540d\u5b57\u79f0\u547c\u5171\u6709\u300224<\/p>\n<p>6. \u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u4eba\uff0c\u4eba\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u201d\uff0c\u4ec5\u4e3a\u9996\u8bed\u8868\u73b0\u4e0e\u6bd4\u55bb\u8bcd\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7167\u5b9e\u9645\u8bf4(\u5373\u6309\u4e8b\u5b9e)\u795e\u6027\u3014deity\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3015\u4e0e\u4eba\u6027\u65e0\u5171\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u4eba\u6027\u4e0e\u795e\u6027\u3014\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3015\u65e0\u5171\u6709\u5206\u4eab\u300225<\/p>\n<p>7. \u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u513f\u5b50\u4e3a\u4e16\u4eba\u7f6a\u53d7\u6b7b\uff0c\u6216\u4eba\u5b50\u6210\u4e86\u5168\u80fd\u8005\uff0c\u4e43\u7eaf\u662f\u8a00\u8bed\u4e8b\u9879\u300226<\/p>\n<p>8. \u57fa\u7763\u4eba\u6027\u50cf\u795e\u6027\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u6210\u4e86\u65e0\u9650\u5143\u7d20\uff1b\u50cf\u795e\u6027\u4e00\u6837\u65e0\u6240\u4e0d\u5728\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6743\u67c4\u4e0e\u672c\u80fd\u7531\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5206\u9694\uff0c\u4ea4\u4e0e\u4e14\u704c\u5165\u4eba\u6027\u300227<\/p>\n<p>9. \u4eba\u6027\u88ab\u63d0\u9ad8\u81f3\u4e0e\u795e\u6027\u539f\u8d28\u3001\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u6216\u4ee5\u56fa\u6709\u7279\u6027\u5e73\u7b49\u300228<\/p>\n<p>10. \u57fa\u7763\u4eba\u6027\u56fa\u5b9a\u5730\u70b9\u6269\u5f20\u5230\u5929\u4e0a\u5730\u4e0b\u5404\u5904\uff08\u6b64\u4e8b\u5bf9\u4e8e\u795e\u6027\u4e5f\u4e0d\u771f\u5b9e\uff09\u300229<\/p>\n<p>11. \u56e0\u4eba\u6027\u672c\u80fd\u3014\u7279\u6027\u3001\u5c5e\u6027\u3015\u4e4b\u6545\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u57fa\u7763\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u65f6\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u591a\u5904\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u7942\u66f4\u4e0d\u80fd\u540c\u7740\u8eab\u4f53\u5b58\u5728\u5404\u5904\u300230<\/p>\n<p>12. \u53ea\u662f\u4eba\u6027\u66ff\u6211\u4eec\u53d7\u82e6\u3001\u6551\u8d4e\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u5728\u53d7\u82e6\u4e0e\u6b7b\u4ea1\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u4e0e\u4eba\u6027\u65e0\u4ea4\u901a\uff0c\u597d\u4f3c\u53d7\u82e6\u4e0e\u6b7b\u4e4b\u4e8b\u4e0e\u7942\u65e0\u5e72\u300231<\/p>\n<p>13. \u57fa\u7763\u5728\u5730\u4e0a\u4e34\u5728\u4e8e\u5723\u9053\u3001\u5723\u793c\u53ca\u5728\u4e00\u5207\u9700\u8981\u532e\u4e4f\u4e2d\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u540c\u5728\uff0c\u4ec5\u7167\u7942\u795e\u6027\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u540c\u5728\uff0c\u6b64\u79cd\u5b58\u5728\u4e0e\u7942\u4eba\u6027\u65e0\u5173\uff1b\u57fa\u7763\u4ee5\u7942\u53d7\u82e6\u4e0e\u6b7b\u6551\u8d4e\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u7167\u4ed6\u4eba\u6027\u4e0d\u518d\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u4f5c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u300232<\/p>\n<p>14. \u63a5\u53d7\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u513f\u5b50\uff0c\u8131\u4e0b\u5974\u4ec6\u5f62\u50cf\u540e\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u5728\u4eba\u6027\u5185\uff0c\u85c9\u4eba\u6027\uff0c\u540c\u4eba\u6027\u6210\u5168\u7942\u5168\u80fd\u4e00\u5207\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u53ea\u884c\u5f88\u5c11\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e14\u4ec5\u5728\u4eba\u6027\u56fa\u5b9a\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5730\u70b9\u5de5\u4f5c\u300233<\/p>\n<p>15. \u867d\u7136\u57fa\u7763\u7279\u522b\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u201c\u5929\u4e0a\u5730\u4e0b\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6743\u67c4\uff0c\u90fd\u8d50\u7ed9\u6211\u4e86\u201d \uff08\u592a\u4e8c\u5341\u516b18\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4fdd\u7f57\u9648\u8ff0\uff1a\u201c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u672c\u6027\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u4e30\u76db\uff0c\u90fd\u6709\u5f62\u6709\u4f53\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u91cc\u9762\u201d\uff08\u897f\u4e8c9 \uff09\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u6309\u7167\u4eba\u6027\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u65e0\u529b\u65bd\u884c\u5168\u80fd\u53ca\u795e\u6027\u5176\u4ed6\u672c\u80fd\u6216\u7279\u6027\u300234<\/p>\n<p>16. 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\uff1b\u542f\u4e095 \uff1b\u4e8c\u534115\uff09\uff0c\u51e1\u5fc5\u6c38\u8fdc\u5f97\u6551\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u5728\u7942\uff08\u57fa\u7763\uff09\u91cc\u9762\u88ab\u954c\u523b\u4e14\u8499\u62e3\u9009\uff0c\u5982\u7ecf\u4e0a\u6240\u8bb0\uff1a\u201c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4ece\u521b\u7acb\u4e16\u754c\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u91cc\u62e3\u9009\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u201d\uff08\u5f17\u4e004\uff09\u30027<\/p>\n<p>7. \u8fd9\u4f4d\u57fa\u7763\u62db\u547c\u4f17\u7f6a\u4eba\u6765\u5c31\u7942\uff0c\u5e76\u5141\u8bb8\u8865\u517b\u4ed6\u4eec\u30028\u7942\u6073\u5207\u613f\u6b32\u4e07\u4eba\u6765\u5c31\u7942\uff0c\u8ba9\u81ea\u5df1\u5f97\u5e2e\u52a9\uff08\u592a\u4e5d3\u30019\u300113\u300122\u3001 29\u300135\u300137 \uff1b\u5341\u4e0028\uff09\u3002\u7942\u5728\u5723\u9053\u4e2d\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u732e\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4eec\uff0c\u5176\u65e8\u610f\u662f\u8981\u4ed6\u4eec\u542c\u3014\u4ece\u3015\u6b64\u9053\uff0c\u4e0d\u585e\u4f4f\u8033\u6735\u6216\u8f7b\u89c6\u5b83\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u7942\u5e94\u8bb8\u5723\u7075\u4e4b\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u795e\u5723\u4e4b\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e3a\u6052\u5fcd\u4e0e\u6c38\u751f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>8. \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5224\u65ad\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u4e3a\u6c38\u751f\u4e4b\u62e3\u9009\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e94\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u7406\u6027\u6216\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5f8b\u6cd5\u30029\u3014\u5982\u6b64\u884c\u3015\u4fbf\u5f15\u6211\u4eec\u81f3\u4e00\u79cd\u5364\u83bd\u3001\u653e\u8361\u3001\u4f9d\u6bd5\u9e20\u9c81\u4e3b\u4e49\u4eab\u4e50\u751f\u6d3b\uff08Epicurean life\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u8feb\u4f7f\u4eba\u5931\u671b\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u5fc3\u5185\u5524\u8d77\u5371\u9669\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u4eba\u4ecd\u968f\u4ece\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u5fc5\u4f1a\u8003\u8651\uff1a \u201c\u5018\u82e5\u4e0a\u5e1d\u62e3\u9009\u6211\u5f97\u6551\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u4f5c\u4ec0\u4e48\u6211\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u5492\u8bc5\u3002\u201d\u6216\uff0c\u201c\u82e5\u6211\u672a\u8499\u62e3\u9009\u5f97\u6c38\u751f\uff0c\u6211\u6240\u4f5c\u4efb\u4f55\u5584\u4e8b\u7686\u65e0\u7528\uff1b\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u4e8b\u90fd\u5f92\u7136\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>9. \u6211\u4eec\u552f\u987b\u7531\u5723\u798f\u97f3\u8ba4\u8bc6\u57fa\u7763\uff0c\u798f\u97f3\u660e\u767d\u4f5c\u8bc1\uff1a\u201c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5c06\u4f17\u4eba\u90fd\u5708\u5728\u4e0d\u987a\u670d\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u7279\u610f\u8981\u601c\u6064\u4f17\u4eba\u201d\uff08\u7f57\u5341\u4e0032\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u7942\u4e0d\u613f\u4e00\u4eba\u6c89\u6ca6\uff08\u7ed3\u4e09\u5341\u4e0911 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13\u57fa\u7763\u85c9\u5ba3\u8bb2\u5723\u798f\u97f3\uff0c\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u6253\u5f00\u6b64\u4e66\u4e14\u542f\u793a\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u5982\u7ecf\u4e0a\u8bb0\u7740\uff1a\u201c\u9884\u5148\u6240\u5b9a\u4e0b\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u53c8\u53ec\u4ed6\u4eec\u6765\u201d\uff08\u7f57\u516b30\uff09\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u91cc\u5bfb\u627e\u5929\u7236\u81ea\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e4b\u62e3\u9009\uff0c\u5929\u7236\u5df2\u5728\u7942\u81ea\u6c38\u8fdc\u7684\u65e8\u610f\u4e2d\u547d\u5b9a\uff1a\u7942\u53ea\u62ef\u6551\u90a3\u4e9b\u627f\u8ba4\u7942\u513f\u5b50\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\uff0c\u771f\u5b9e\u4fe1\u9760\u7942\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u5f53\u6392\u9664\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u5207\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u56e0\u4e0d\u51fa\u81ea\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\uff0c\u4e43\u7531\u6076\u654c\u542f\u793a\uff0c\u4e3a\u8bd5\u884c\u5c06\u6b64\u6551\u4eba\u9053\u7406\u6240\u7ed9\u4e0e\u7684\u8363\u8000\u5b89\u6170\u5b8c\u5168\u593a\u53d6\uff0c\u5373\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u8499\u62e3\u9009\u5f97\u6c38\u751f\uff0c\u7eaf\u7cb9\u51fa\u81ea\u57fa\u7763\u91cc\u7684\u6069\u5178\uff0c\u4e0d\u5728\u4e4e\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u4efb\u4f55\u529f\u52b3\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8c01\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c06\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u7942\u624b\u4e2d\u593a\u53bb\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6211\u4eec\u6b64\u6069\u60e0\u62e3\u9009\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u7528\u8a00\u8bed\uff0c\u4e5f\u7528\u7942\u4e24\u5723\u793c\u4e3a\u5370\u8bc1\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u85c9\u5b83\u8b66\u9192\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u5728\u6700\u5927\u7684\u8bd5\u63a2\u4e2d\u5b89\u6170\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u5982\u6b64\u6251\u706d\u9b54\u9b3c\u7684\u706b\u7bad\u3002<\/p>\n<p>13. \u518d\u8005\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u52aa\u529b\u7167\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u65e8\u610f\u4e3a\u4eba\uff0c\u201d\u4f7f\u6069\u53ec\u548c\u62e3\u9009\u575a\u5b9a\u4e0d\u79fb\uff0c\u201d\u5982\u5723\u5f7c\u5f97\u6240\u8bf4\uff08\u5f7c\u540e\u4e0010\uff09\u300214\u6211\u4eec\u5f53\u7279\u522b\u575a\u6301\u6240\u542f\u793a\u4e4b\u9053\uff0c\u56e0\u5b83\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e14\u6c38\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6b3a\u9a97\u6211\u4eec\u3002<\/p>\n<p>14. \u6b64\u8bba\u4e0a\u5e1d\u81ea\u6c38\u8fdc\u62e3\u9009\u9053\u7406\u7b80\u7565\u6ce8\u91ca\uff0c\u5c06\u8363\u8000\u5b8c\u5168\u5f52\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u56e0\u7942\u60df\u7531\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6069\u60e0\uff0c\u4e0d\u7528\u6211\u4eec\u4efb\u4f55\u529f\u52b3\uff0c \u201c\u7167\u7740\u7942\u65e8\u610f\u6240\u9884\u5b9a\u7684\u201d \uff08\u5f17\u4e0011\uff09 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\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0d\u613f\u4e07\u4eba\u5f97\u6094\u6539\uff0c\u76f8\u4fe1\u798f\u97f3\u300217<\/p>\n<p>2. \u518d\u8005\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u53ec\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u6073\u5207\u8981\u4e07\u4eba\u6765\u5c31\u7942\u300218<\/p>\n<p>3. \u518d\u8005\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0d\u613f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u5f97\u6551\uff0c\u4f46\u53ea\u9760\u7942\u4efb\u610f\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u3001\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u4e0e\u65e8\u610f\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u987e\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7f6a\u8fc7\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9884\u5b9a\u67d0\u4e9b\u4eba\u53d7\u5492\u8bc5\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f97\u6551\u300219<\/p>\n<p>4. 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\u57fa\u7763\u672a\u4ece\u7ae5\u5973\u9a6c\u91cc\u4e9a\u63a5\u53d7\u7942\u8eab\u4f53\u548c\u8840\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u81ea\u5929\u4e0a\u968f\u7942\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u30023<\/p>\n<p>2. \u57fa\u7763\u4e0d\u662f\u771f\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u7942\u4ec5\u6bd4\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u5723\u4eba\u4e4b\u5723\u7075\u6069\u8d50\u591a\u30024<\/p>\n<p>3. \u6211\u4eec\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9762\u524d\u7684\u4e49\uff0c\u975e\u6574\u4e2a\u5730\u4f9d\u9760\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u72ec\u4e00\u529f\u52b3\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f9d\u9760\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u8654\u8bda\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u6b64\u8654\u8bda\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5efa\u7acb\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u9009\u4e4b\u5c5e\u7075\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u65e0\u975e\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u4fee\u9053\u4e3b\u4e49\u30025<\/p>\n<p>4. \u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u773c\u524d\u672a\u53d7\u6d17\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u4e0d\u662f\u7f6a\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6709\u4e49\u4e14\u65e0\u8f9c\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c1a\u672a\u5230\u8fbe\u8fd0\u7528\u7406\u6027\u7684\u5e74\u9f84\uff0c\u5fc5\u5728\u65e0\u8f9c\u4e4b\u4e2d\u5f97\u6551\uff0c\u4e14\u4e0d\u5fc5\u53d7\u5723\u6d17\uff08\u5373\u7167\u6b64\u89c2\u70b9\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\uff09\u30026\u5982\u6b64\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f03\u7edd\u8bba\u539f\u7f6a\u5168\u90e8\u9053\u7406\u53ca\u4e00\u5207\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u9053\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n<p>5. \u5728\u5b69\u7ae5\u672a\u8fbe\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u80fd\u627f\u8ba4\u4ed6\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e94\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4eec\u65bd\u6d17\u30027<\/p>\n<p>6. \u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u7236\u6bcd\u4e4b\u5b69\u7ae5\uff0c\u867d\u672a\u53d7\u5723\u6d17\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u53d7\u6d17\u4e4b\u524d\u4e43\u4e3a\u5723\u6d01\uff0c\u56e0\u4ed6\u4eec\u7531\u8654\u8bda\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u7236\u6bcd\u6240\u751f\u30028\u56e0\u6b64\u6545\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u6709\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5e94\u8bb8\u660e\u767d\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\uff0c\u4e14\u5176\u53ea\u8fbe\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e9b\u5b88\u7ea6\u800c\u4e0d\u8f7b\u89c6\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u91cd\u6d17\u6d3e\u8005\u4ecd\u4e0d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5a74\u5b69\u53d7\u6d17\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u4ea6\u4e0d\u9f13\u52b1\u6b64\u4e8b\uff08\u521b\u5341\u4e034 -8 \uff1b19-21\uff09 \u3002<\/p>\n<p>7. \u5018\u82e5\u4e00\u4e2a\u533a\u4f1a\uff08\u5802\u4f1a\uff09\u4e2d\u4ecd\u53ef\u5bfb\u89c1\u7f6a\u4eba\uff0c\u4fbf\u975e\u771f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4f1a\u30029<\/p>\n<p>8. \u4ece\u524d\u66fe\u5ff5\u8bfb\u6216\u4e3e\u884c\u8fc7\u5f25\u6492\u7684\u6bbf\u5b87\u3014\u6559\u5802\u3015\u5185\uff0c\u4eba\u4e0d\u8be5\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u542c\u8bb2\u9053\uff0c\u53c2\u52a0\u793c\u62dc\u300210<\/p>\n<p>9. \u4e0d\u5e94\u4e0e\u7167\u5965\u65af\u5821\u4fe1\u6761\u4f20\u8bb2\u798f\u97f3\uff0c\u4e14\u65a5\u8d23\u91cd\u6d17\u6d3e\u5f02\u7aef\u7684\u6267\u4e8b\u3014\u7267\u5e08\u7b49\u3015\u6765\u5f80\uff1b\u66f4\u4e0d\u5e94\u670d\u4e8b\u4ed6\u4eec\uff0c\u85c9\u4efb\u4f55\u65b9\u6cd5\u5e2e\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f5c\u5de5\uff0c\u5f53\u8eb2\u907f\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bef\u89e3\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5723\u9053\u7684\u4eba\u300211<\/p>\n<p>\u56fd\u5bb6\u6240\u4e0d\u5bb9\u5fcd\u4e4b\u6761\u6b3e<\/p>\n<p>1. \u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u4e3a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5728\u65b0\u7ea6\u65f6\u4ee3\u6240\u559c\u60a6\u4e4b\u5236\u5ea6\u300212<\/p>\n<p>2. \u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u4e0d\u53ef\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u653f\u5e9c\u804c\u4f4d\u4e0a\u4efb\u804c\u6216\u670d\u52a1\u300213<\/p>\n<p>3. \u82e5\u9047\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u4e0d\u53ef\u4e0d\u8fdd\u53cd\u826f\u5fc3\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u653f\u5e9c\u804c\u8d23\u5bf9\u4ed8\u6076\u4eba\uff0c\u5b50\u6c11\u4e0d\u53ef\u8bf7\u653f\u5e9c\u4f7f\u7528\u7531\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6240\u6388\u4e4b\u6743\u67c4\uff0c\u4f5c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e0e\u9632\u536b\u300214<\/p>\n<p>4. \u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u4e0d\u53ef\u51ed\u826f\u5fc3\u53d1\u8a93\u6216\u7acb\u8a93\u5c0a\u656c\u5c01\u5efa\u8d35\u65cf\u53ca\u5176\u5730\u57df\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\uff08\u541b\u4e3b\u6216\u81e3\u4ec6\uff09\u300215<\/p>\n<p>5. \u65b0\u7ea6\u65f6\u4ee3\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u80fd\u51ed\u516c\u6b63\u826f\u5fc3\u4ee5\u6b7b\u5211\u60e9\u7f5a\u56da\u72af\u300216<\/p>\n<p>\u8d25\u574f\u5bb6\u5ead\u56e2\u4f53\u96be\u4ee5\u5bb9\u5fcd\u4e4b\u5f02\u7aef<\/p>\n<p>1. \u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u4e0d\u80fd\u51ed\u826f\u5fc3\u62e5\u6709\u79c1\u4ea7\uff0c\u5176\u826f\u5fc3\u7ea6\u675f\u4ed6\u5fc5\u987b\u5c06\u4e4b\u6350\u7ed9\u516c\u5e93\u300217<\/p>\n<p>2. \u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u4e0d\u80fd\u51ed\u826f\u5fc3\u4f5c\u65c5\u9986\u4e3b\u4eba\uff0c\u5546\u4eba\uff0c\u6216\u5200\u5320\u300218<\/p>\n<p>3. \u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4e3a\u5df2\u5a5a\u7684\u4eba\u5f7c\u6b64\u79bb\u5f02\uff0c\u5404\u5b9a\u5df1\u8def\uff0c\u4e14\u4e0e\u540c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4eba\u518d\u5a5a\u4e4b\u5145\u5206\u7406\u7531\u300219<\/p>\n<p>\u58eb\u6587\u514b\u6590\u7279\u6d3e(Schwenkfelders)\u4e4b\u5f02\u7aef<br>1. \u51e1\u8ba4\u4e3a\u57fa\u7763\u7167\u8089\u8eab\u8bf4\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u53d7\u9020\u8005\u7684\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u6b63\u786e\u7406\u89e3\u57fa\u7763\u4e3a\u638c\u6743\u5929\u738b\u300220<\/p>\n<p>2. \u57fa\u7763\u5728\u8363\u8000\u91cc\uff0c\u8089\u8eab\u9886\u53d7\u4e86\u4e00\u5207\u795e\u5723\u7279\u6027\u3014\u672c\u80fd\u6216\u5c5e\u6027\u3015\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u57fa\u7763\u4e3a\u4eba\uff0c\u5168\u5907\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u6743\u67c4\u3001\u5a01\u4e25\u3001\u8363\u8000\u4e0e\u7236\u548c\u9053\u540c\u7b49\u9636\u7ea7\u4e0e\u672c\u8d28\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u800c\u73b0\u4eca\u57fa\u7763\u4e4b\u5185\uff0c\u4e24\u6027\u4ec5\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u795e\u5723\u672c\u8d28\u3001\u672c\u80fd\u3001\u65e8\u610f\uff0c\u4e0e\u8363\u8000\uff0c\u51b5\u4e14\u57fa\u7763\u8089\u8eab\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5723\u4e09\u4f4d\u4e00\u4f53\u4e4b\u672c\u8d28\u300221<\/p>\n<p>3. \u6559\u4f1a\u804c\u4e8b\u2014\u2014\u4f20\u8bb2\u4e0e\u542c\u9053\u2014\u2014\u5e76\u975e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5723\u7075\u6240\u7528\u4ee5\u6559\u8bad\u4eba\u4eec\uff0c\u53ca\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u5185\u9762\u9020\u6210\u8ba4\u8bc6\u57fa\u7763\u6551\u4eba\u77e5\u8bc6\u3001\u61ca\u6094\u3001\u5f52\u6b63\u3001\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u4e0e\u65b0\u987a\u4ece\u300222<\/p>\n<p>4. \u5723\u6d17\u793c\u7684\u6c34\u975e\u4e3b\u4e0a\u5e1d\u85c9\u7740\u5370\u8bc1\u4eba\u8499\u3014\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3015\u513f\u5973\u540d\u5206\u5e76\u9020\u6210\u4eba\u91cd\u751f\u4e4b\u5a92\u4ecb\u300223<\/p>\n<p>5. \u5723\u665a\u9910\u5185\u4e4b\u997c\u9152\uff0c\u975e\u57fa\u7763\u85c9\u4ee5\u5206\u9012\u7942\u8eab\u4f53\u4e0e\u8840\u4e4b\u5a92\u4ecb\u300224<\/p>\n<p>6. \u4e00\u4f4d\u771f\u6b63\u85c9\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e4b\u7075\u91cd\u751f\u4e4b\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u4eca\u65e5\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u5b8c\u5168\u9075\u5b88\u6210\u5168\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5f8b\u6cd5\u300225<\/p>\n<p>7. \u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u516c\u5f00\u5f00\u9664\u4eba\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u6309\u89c4\u5219\u8fdb\u884c\u9664\u6559\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u533a\u4f1a\uff08\u5802\u4f1a\uff09\uff0c\u975e\u771f\u6559\u4f1a\u300226<\/p>\n<p>8. \u4e00\u4f4d\u6559\u4f1a\u6267\u4e8b\u3014\u7267\u5e08\u7b49\u3015\uff0c\u82e5\u81ea\u5df1\u672a\u771f\u6b63\u91cd\u751f\u3001\u516c\u4e49\u3001\u8654\u8bda\uff0c\u5373\u65e0\u6cd5\u6709\u76ca\u5730\u6559\u8bad\u4eba\u6216\u4e3e\u884c\u771f\u6b63\u5b9e\u5728\u4e4b\u5723\u793c\u300227<\/p>\n<p>\u4e9a\u6d41\u6d3e(Arians)\u4e4b\u5f02\u7aef<br>\u57fa\u7763\u975e\u771f\u6b63\u3001\u672c\u8d28\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u975e\u4e0e\u7236\u4e0a\u5e1d\u548c\u5723\u7075\u4e3a\u4e00\u795e\u5723\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ee5\u795e\u5723\u5a01\u4e25\u4e3a\u88c5\u9970\uff0c\u6b21\u4e8e\u7236\u4e0a\u5e1d\u800c\u5904\u4e8e\u7236\u4e4b\u4e0b\u300228<\/p>\n<p>\u53cd\u4e09\u4f4d\u4e00\u4f53\u6d3e\u4e4b\u5f02\u7aef<br>29\u6b64\u4e43\u5b8c\u5168\u65b0\u6d3e\uff0c\u81f3\u4eca\u4e8e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4e0d\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u5176\u6240\u76f8\u4fe1\u3001\u6559\u5bfc\uff0c\u5e76\u627f\u8ba4\u7684\u3014\u9053\u7406\u3015\u662f\uff1a\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4f4d\u81ea\u6c38\u8fdc\u795e\u5723\u672c\u8d28\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7236\u3001\u5b50\uff0c\u4e0e\u5723\u7075\uff0c\u4f46\u56e0\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7236\u3001\u5b50\uff0c\u4e0e\u5723\u7075\u662f\u4e09\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4f4d\u683c\uff0c \u6240\u4ee5\u6bcf\u4f4d\u683c\u6709\u5176\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u795e\u5723\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u4e0e\u795e\u6027\u5185\u5176\u4ed6\u4f4d\u683c\u76f8\u5206\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u4e3b\u5f20\uff1a\u4e09\u4f4d\u683c\u4e2d\u6bcf\u4f4d\u7686\u5177\u6709\u540c\u6837\u6743\u67c4\u3001\u667a\u6167\u3001\u5a01\u4e25\u3001\u8363\u8000\uff0c\u50cf\u4efb\u4f55\u4e09\u4f4d\u4eba\u4e00\u6837\u5f7c\u6b64\u76f8\u5206\u79bb\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u4e3b\u5f20\uff1a\u4e09\u4f4d\u683c\u5728\u672c\u8d28\u4e0e\u7279\u6027\u4e0a\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u60df\u72ec\u7236\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u5408\u5b9c\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>30\u4ee5\u4e0a\u4e00\u5207\u53ca\u7c7b\u4f3c\u6761\u6b3e\uff0c\u540c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u542b\u610f\u4e0e\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u5f03\u7edd\u5492\u8bc5\u4e3a\u9519\u8bef\u3001\u865a\u5047\u3001\u5f02\u7aef\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e4b\u9053\u3001\u4e09\u4fe1\u7ecf\u3001\u5965\u65af\u5821\u4fe1\u6761\u3001\u8fa9\u62a4\u8bba\u3001\u65bd\u9a6c\u52a0\u767b\u6761\u6b3e\uff0c\u53ca\u8def\u5fb7\u4e24\u95ee\u7b54\u76f8\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u6240\u6709\u8654\u8bda\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u793e\u4f1a\u5730\u4f4d\u9ad8\u4f4e\uff0c\u82e5\u4eb2\u7231\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7075\u9b42\u6c38\u798f\u4e0e\u6551\u8d4e\uff0c\u987b\u9632\u5907\u5bf9\u4ed8\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f02\u7aef\u3002<\/p>\n<p>31\u4e3a\u89c1\u8bc1\u8fd9\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4f17\u4eba\u7684\u9053\u7406\u3001\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u4e0e\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u5728\u672b\u65e5\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u5728\u4e3b\u8036\u7a23\u57fa\u7763\u516c\u4e49\u5ba1\u5224\u4e3b\u524d\u8d1f\u8d23\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u79d8\u5bc6\u6216\u516c\u5f00\u8bb2\u8bf4\u6216\u4e66\u5199\u4efb\u4f55\u4e0e\u5b83\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u800c\u6709\u610f\u9760\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u6069\u5178\u4fdd\u5b88\u5b83\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7ecf\u8fc7\u6df1\u601d\u719f\u8651\u540e\uff0c\u4ee5\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u656c\u754f\u547c\u5401\u4e0a\u5e1d\u800c\u4eb2\u624b\u7b7e\u540d\uff0c\u4e8e\u4f2f\u5c14\u6839\u5e02(Bergen)\uff0c\u4e00\u4e94\u4e03\u4e03\u5e74\u4e94\u6708\u4e8c\u5341\u4e5d\u65e5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u96c5\u5404\u5b89\u5f97\u5217\u535a\u58eb\u7f72<br>Dr. James Andreae subscribed<br>\u5c3c\u53ef\u62c9\u65af\u745f\u52d2\u514b\u5c14\u535a\u58eb\u7f72<br>Dr. Nicholas Selnecker subscribed<br>\u5b89\u5f97\u5217\u7267\u65af\u5e93\u8def\u535a\u58eb\u7f72<br>Dr. Andrew Musculas subscribed<br>\u57fa\u7763\u798f\u5c14\u514b\u5c14\u6e7c\u5c14\u535a\u58eb\u7f72<br>Dr. Christopher Koerner subscribed<br>\u5927\u536b\u6e20\u7279\u6765\u4e4cDavid Chytraeus<br>\u9a6c\u4e01\u6210\u5c3c\u6148\u535a\u58eb Dr. Martin Chemnitz<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"9\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5ba3\u8a00\u5168\u6587<\/p>\n<p>\u4e3a\u4e00\u822c\u7eaf\u6d01\u3001\u6b63\u786e\uff0c\u4e0e\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u91cd\u8ff0\uff0c\u5e76\u89e3\u91ca\u6570\u4f4d\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u66fe\u4e89\u8fa9\u8fc7\u4e4b\u5965\u65af\u5821\u4fe1<br>\u6761\u6570\u6bb5\uff0c\u7cfb\u6309\u7167\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9053\u53ca\u672c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u9053\u7406\u51b3\u8bae\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u4e88\u4ee5\u6709\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6982\u8ff0<\/p>\n<p>1\u85c9\u7740\u5168\u80fd\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u6069\u5178\u4e0e\u6148\u60b2\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e3b\u8981\u6761\u6b3e\u7684\u6559\u8bad\uff08\u5373\u88ab\u6559\u7687\u5236\u4e0b\u5c5e\u4eba\u7684\u9053\u7406\u4e0e\u5236\u5ea6\u53ef\u618e\u5730\u8499\u853d\uff09\uff0c\u5f97\u518d\u6b21\u7531\u8def\u5fb7\u535a\u58eb\u2014\u2014\u6709\u798f\u548c\u5723\u7eaa\u5ff5\u7684\uff08Kolb\u6ce8\u89e3\u8bf4\uff0c\u534f\u540c\u5f0f\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u4eec\u53cd\u6620\u51fa\u5f53\u65f6\u8def\u5fb7\u5b97\u91cc\u9762\u6bd4\u8f83\u666e\u904d\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u662f\uff0c\u8def\u5fb7\u66fe\u4e8e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u624b\u4e2d\u505a\u7279\u522b\u7684\u5668\u76bf\u6765\u5728\u6559\u4f1a\u4e2d\u590d\u5174\u798f\u97f3\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u867d\u7136\u7528\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u96c6\u5408\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u8fa9\u62a4\u6587\u4ef6\u6765\u53d6\u4ee3\u8def\u5fb7\u672c\u4eba\u505a\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u5723\u7ecf\u7684\u9996\u8981\u9610\u91ca\u8005\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ecd\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u89c6\u8def\u5fb7\u7684\u6d1e\u89c1\uff0c\u667a\u6167\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u534f\u540c\u5f0f\u4e2d\u5e38\u6709\u663e\u660e\u3002\uff09\u2014\u2014\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9053\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u9648\u8ff0\uff0c\u800c\u6559\u7687\u6d3e\u7684\u5f02\u7aef\u3001\u5984\u7528\u548c\u5d07\u62dc\u5076\u50cf\u5f97\u88ab\u5224\u7f6a\u30022\u4f46\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u89c6\u6b64\u8654\u8bda\u6539\u826f\u4e3a\u65b0\u9053\u7406\uff0c\u4e3a\u5168\u7136\u53cd\u5bf9\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9053\u4e0e\u5df2\u8bbe\u7acb\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5b9e\u8df5\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u731b\u70c8\u6076\u6bd2\u5730\uff08\u4f46\u5374\u662f\u6beb\u65e0\u8bc1\u636e\u5730\uff09\u653b\u51fb\u5b83\uff0c\u6380\u8d77\u4e86\u654c\u5bf9\u5b83\u7684\u65e0\u6570\u6bc1\u8c24\u4e0e\u6697\u8bbd\u30023\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u82e5\u5e72\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u9009\u5e1d\u4faf\u3001\u738b\u5b50\uff0c\u548c\u541b\u4e3b\u66fe\u56e0\u6b64\u63a5\u53d7\u5723\u798f\u97f3\u7eaf\u6d01\u7684\u9053\u7406\uff1a\u5e76\u5141\u8bb8\u5176\u6559\u4f1a\u6309\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9053\u52a0\u4ee5\u6539\u826f\uff0c\u547d\u4ee4\u8981\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9053\u9884\u5907\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u6761\uff0c\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e94\u4e09\u3007\u5e74\uff0c \u5965\u65af\u5821\u5927\u56fd\u4f1a\u65f6\uff0c\u5448\u4ea4\u67e5\u7406\u7b2c\u4e94\u7687\u5e1d\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7ed9\u4e0e\u4e00\u9879\u660e\u767d\u65e0\u7591\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u5316\u89c1\u8bc1\uff0c\u9648\u8ff0\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5c5e\u798f\u97f3\u6559\u4f1a\uff08Evangelical churches\uff0c\u7f16\u8005\u6309\uff1a\u4e5f\u53ef\u8bf4\uff1a\u8def\u5fb7\u5b97\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4f1a\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u798f\u97f3\u6d3e\u6559\u4f1a\uff09\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e0e\u6559\u8bad\uff0c\u5373\u5173\u4e8e\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u4fe1\u6761\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u6559\u7687\u95e8\u4eba\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e89\u8fa9\u7684\u6761\u6b3e\u3002\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u5bf9\u6b64\u4fe1\u6761\u6301\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u82e6\u6bd2\u523b\u8584\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u611f\u8c22\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u5b83\u4ecd\u5b58\u7559\u76f4\u5230\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u4e14\u65e0\u53ef\u9a73\u5012\u4e0e\u503e\u8986\u3002<\/p>\n<p>4\u4ee5\u6b64\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u518d\u6b21\u5168\u5fc3\u8d5e\u540c\u6b64\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4e14\u5f7b\u5e95\u5c5e\u5723\u7ecf\u7684\u5965\u65af\u5821\u4fe1\u6761\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6211\u4eec\u4fdd\u7559\u5b83\u6587\u5b57\u4e0a\u6734\u5b9e\u3001\u6e05\u6670\uff0c\u4e0e\u7eaf\u6d01\u4e4b\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u89c6\u6b64\u4fe1\u6761\u4e3a\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u5207\u771f\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u5728\u63a5\u53d7\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e4b\u9053\u540e\u6240\u5f53\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\uff08next to, after, 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and Manichaean 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\u6b64\u9057\u4f20\u4e4b\u5bb3\u6781\u4e3a\u5389\u5bb3\u3001\u53ef\u6015\uff0c\u4f7f\u53d7\u8fc7\u6d17\u7684\u4fe1\u5f92\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9762\u524d\u60df\u56e0\u4e3b\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u7f18\u6545\u624d\u80fd\u5f97\u906e\u853d\u4e0e\u8d66\u514d\u300214\u540c\u6837\u7684\uff0c\u60df\u6709\u5723\u7075\u7684\u91cd\u751f\u548c\u66f4\u65b0\u80fd\u533b\u6cbb\u4eba\u6027\uff0c\u5373\u539f\u7f6a\u6240\u884c\u7684\u98a0\u5012\u4e0e\u8d25\u574f\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u533b\u6cbb\u5f53\u7136\u4e8e\u4eca\u751f\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u6765\u4e16\u624d\u5f97\u5b8c\u7ed3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>15\u4ee5\u4e0a\u6570\u70b9\uff0c\u662f\u4ee5\u603b\u62ec\u65b9\u5f0f\u53d9\u8ff0\uff0c\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u9053\u7406\u4fe1\u6761\u4e2d\u5219\u66f4\u8be6\u7ec6\u5730\u8bf4\u660e,<\/p>\n<p>16\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u5e94\u4fdd\u5b58\u536b\u62a4\u6b64\u9053\u7406\uff0c\u4f7f\u5b83\u4e0d\u81f4\u503e\u5411\u4f2f\u62c9\u7ea0\u6d3e\u6216\u739b\u5c3c\u6d3e\u4e4b\u5f02\u7aef\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u4e4b\u6545\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u5c06\u672c\u6559\u4f1a\u6240\u5f03\u7edd\u6392\u65a5\u7684\u76f8\u53cd\u9053\u7406\u7b80\u7565\u5217\u4e3e\u4e8e\u540e\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>1. \u7b2c\u4e00\u3001\u4e3a\u53cd\u5bf9\u65b0\u65e7\u4f2f\u62c9\u7ea0\u6d3e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5492\u8bc5\u5e76\u5f03\u7edd\u4e3a\u5047\u610f\u89c1\u548c\u9053\u7406\u7684\u662f\uff1a\u539f\u7f6a\u4ec5\u4e3a\u503a\u52a1\uff0c\u662f\u4ed6\u4eba\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u672c\u6027\u6ca1\u6709\u8d25\u574f\u300217<\/p>\n<p>2. \u90aa\u6076\u7684\u8d2a\u6b32\u5e76\u975e\u7f6a\u6076\uff0c\u662f\u9020\u4e0e\u4eba\u4e3a\u672c\u6027\u4e0a\u9700\u8981\u7684\u7279\u6027\u300218<\/p>\n<p>3. \u6216\u8005\u524d\u8ff0\u7684\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4e0e\u635f\u5bb3\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9762\u524d\u5b9e\u5728\u4e0d\u771f\u6b63\u4e3a\u7f6a\uff0c\uff08\u56e0\u4e3a\uff09\u4eba\u57fa\u4e8e\u7f6a\uff0c\u79bb\u4e86\u57fa\u7763\uff0c\u5fc5\u662f\u6124\u6012\u3001\u5492\u8bc5\u4e4b\u5b50\uff0c\u5728\u6492\u65e6\u7684\u56fd\u5ea6\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u7ba1\u8f96\u4e0b\u300219<\/p>\n<p>4. \u6211\u4eec\u540c\u6837\u7684\u5f03\u7edd\u51e1\u4e0e\u4f2f\u62c9\u7ea0\u6d3e\u6709\u5173\u7684\u5f02\u7aef\uff0c\u5982\uff1a\u4eba\u6027\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u5815\u843d\u4ee5\u540e\u4ecd\u672a\u8d25\u574f\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u5728\u5c5e\u7075\u7684\u4e8b\u4e0a\u4ecd\u7136\u5584\u826f\u3001\u7eaf\u6d01\uff0c\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u80fd\u529b\u4e0a\u4ecd\u7136\u5b8c\u5168\u300220<\/p>\n<p>5. \u6216\u8bf4\uff0c\u539f\u7f6a\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6734\u76f4\u3001\u4e0d\u8db3\u9053\u3001\u5916\u8868\u7684\u6c61\u6e0d\u6216\u7455\u75b5\uff0c\u6216\u4ec5\u4e3a\u6cfc\u4e8e\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u6c61\u70b9\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u4eba\u6027\u4e0a\u67d0\u5076\u7136\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u8d25\u574f\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5982\u6b64\u4eba\u6027\u5c1a\u5b58\u5176\u5584\u826f\u548c\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u5c5e\u7075\u7684\u4e8b\u9879\u4e0a\u300221<\/p>\n<p>6. 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\u6211\u4eec\u540c\u6837\u5f03\u7edd\u67d0\u4e9b\u4eba\u6240\u6559\u8bad\u7684\uff0c23\u8c13\uff1a\u4eba\u672c\u6027\u867d\u56e0\u5815\u843d\u5df2\u6781\u8f6f\u5f31\u4e0e\u8d25\u574f\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u5c5e\u7075\u795e\u5723\u4e8b\u9879\u4e0a\u7684\u826f\u5584\u4ecd\u672a\u5b8c\u5168\u5931\u843d\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5b9e\u60c5\u5e76\u4e0d\u5408\u672c\u6559\u4f1a\u6240\u5531\u7684\u5723\u8bd7\uff1a\u201c\u56e0\u4e9a\u5f53\u7f6a\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u8d25\u574f\u4eba\u7c7b\u672c\u6027\u53ca\u539f\u8d28\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4eba\u6027\u81ea\u4ece\u800c\u7531\u4e8e\u5929\u751f\u6709\u67d0\u4e9b\u4ecd\u662f\u5584\u826f\u7684\uff0c\u65e2\u4f7f\u4ec5\u5fae\u5c0f\u800c\u6709\u9650\u4e0e\u8584\u5f31\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u5982\uff1a\u5929\u8d44\u3001\u624d\u80fd\u3001\u6280\u80fd\u3001\u80fd\u529b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5e76\u505a\u6210\u67d0\u4e9b\u5c5e\u7075\u4e8b\u9879\u6216\u4e0e\u5c5e\u7075\u4e8b\u9879\u5408\u4f5c\u300224\u5173\u4e8e\u670d\u4ece\u4eba\u7406\u6027\u4e0a\u5916\u8868\u3001\u4eca\u4e16\u3001\u5c5e\u4e16\u7684\u4e8b\u5c06\u5728\u4e0b\u7ae0\u7ed9\u4e88\u89e3\u91ca\u3002<\/p>\n<p>25\u6211\u4eec\u5492\u8bc5\u5f03\u7edd\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53ca\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u5047\u9053\u7406\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9053\u6559\u8bad\u8c13\uff1a\u4eba\u8d25\u574f\u7684\u672c\u6027\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u5c5e\u7075\u795e\u5723\u7684\u4e8b\u4e0a\u884c\u4efb\u4f55\u5584\u4e8b\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e00\u70b9\u5584\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\uff0c\u8b6c\u5982\uff0c\u60f3\u51fa\u5584\u826f\u5fc3\u601d\u3002\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4eba\u6027\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9762\u524d\u9760\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u9664\u72af\u7f6a\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u884c\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e8b\uff0c\u521b\u516d5 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Luther&#8217;s Great Confession Concerning the Holy Supper \uff09 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Bondage of the Will 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and Epicureans 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applicandi se ad gratiam\uff0cthat is, the power to dispose oneself naturally toward 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\u5f53\u8ba8\u8bba\u52a0\u62c9\u592a\u4eba\u4e2d\u7684\u5047\u5148\u77e5\u65f6\u300225<br>2. \u5176\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u591a\u5904\u53cd\u5bf9\u6559\u7687\u6d3e\u8005\u300226<br>3. \u53cd\u5bf9\u91cd\u6d17\u6d3e\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5448\u51fa\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u786e\u5b9e\u4e0d\u5e94\u76f8\u4fe1\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u529f\u52b3\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u5584\u884c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5f97\u6551\u4e4b\u5fc5\u9700\u54c1\u300227<br>4. \u518d\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u540c\u5fd7\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bd5\u884c\u89e3\u91ca\u6b64\u4e3b\u9898\u8c13\uff1a\u867d\u7136\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u6c42\u5584\u884c\u4e3a\u5f97\u6551\u4e4b\u5fc5\u987b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ecd\u4e0d\u6559\u5bfc\u4eba\u4f9d\u9760\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff08\u7531\u4ed6\u521b\u4e16\u8bb0\u4e8c\u5341\u4e8c\u7ae0\u6ce8\u91ca\uff09\u300228<\/p>\n<p>29\u6545\uff0c\u7167\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6559\u4f1a\u575a\u51b3\u8981\u6c42\u524d\u8ff0\u4e4b\u4e3b\u9898\u4e0d\u88ab\u6211\u4eec\u6559\u5bfc\u3001\u8fa9\u62a4\uff0c\u6216\u539f\u8c05\uff0c\u800c\u5f53\u88ab\u6559\u4f1a\u6392\u51fa\uff0c\u5f03\u7edd\u4e3a\u865a\u5047\u4e0d\u6b63\u786e\uff0c\u4f46\u5f53\u53d7\u903c\u8feb\u65f6\u2014\u2014\u5f53\u7279\u522b\u9700\u7528\u4e00\u79cd\u6e05\u6670\u6b63\u786e\u8ba4\u4fe1\u65f6\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u6297\u90a3\u5173\u4e8e\u79f0\u4e49\u6761\u6b3e\u3014\u4eba\u6240\u4e3b\u5f20\u3015\u5404\u79cd\u8d25\u574f\u4e0e\u865a\u4f2a\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e3b\u9898\u91cd\u88ab\u63d0\u8d77\uff0c\u662f\u4e2d\u95f4\u65f6\uff08Interim\uff09\u4e4b\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4e14\u51fa\u81ea\u4e2d\u95f4\u65f6\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e89\u8fa9\u4e8b\u9879\u3002<\/p>\n<p>30\u7b2c\u4e09\u3001\u5173\u4e8e\u5584\u884c\u662f\u5426\u4fdd\u5b58\u6551\u8d4e\u6216\u9700\u7528\u4e3a\u4fdd\u5b58\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3001\u4e49\uff0c\u4e0e\u6551\u8d4e\u66fe\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u4e89\u8bba\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u91cd\u5927\u7d27\u8981\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u2014\u2014\u56e0\u201c\u60df\u6709\u5fcd\u8010\u5230\u5e95\u7684\uff0c\u5fc5\u7136\u5f97\u6551\u201d\uff08\u592a\u4e8c\u5341\u56db13\uff09\uff1b \u201c\u6211\u4eec\u82e5\u5c06\u8d77\u521d\u786e\u5b9e\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\u575a\u6301\u5230\u5e95\uff0c\u5c31\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u91cc\u6709\u4efd\u4e86\u201d\uff08\u592a\u4e096\u300114\uff09\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\u6545\uff0c\u8be6\u7ec6\u5730\u5ba3\u9648\u4e49\u4e0e\u6551\u8d4e\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u4e2d\u95f4\u5f97\u4fdd\u5b58\uff0c\u4ee5\u514d\u518d\u6b21\u5931\u843d\u5b83\u4eec\uff0c\u5373\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n<p>31\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u5f00\u59cb\u6073\u5207\u5730\u65a5\u8d23\u5f03\u7edd\u865a\u5047\u4f0a\u6bd5\u9e20\u9c81\u4e4b\u6b3a\u9a97\uff08Epicurean delusion\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u67d0\u4e9b\u4ee5\u4e3a\u6240\u9886\u53d7\u4e4b\u6069\u8d50\u5982\u4fe1\u3001\u4e49\uff0c\u4e0e\u6551\u8d4e\u4e0d\u80fd\u85c9\u4efb\u4f55\u7f6a\u6216\u6076\u884c\uff0c\u4ea6\u4e0d\u501f\u6545\u610f\u4e4b\u7f6a\u5931\u843d\uff1b\u5e76\u4e14\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u867d\u65e0\u60e7\u6015\u65e0\u7f9e\u803b\u5730\u653e\u7eb5\u6076\u6b32\uff0c\u662f\u62b5\u6297\u5723\u7075\uff0c\u6545\u610f\u5e72\u72af\u826f\u5fc3\u72af\u7f6a\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c1a\u4e14\u80fd\u4fdd\u5b58\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3001\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e4b\u6069\u5178\u3001\u4e49\uff0c\u4e0e\u6551\u8d4e\u300232\u5bf9\u6b64\u6781\u6076\u4e4b\u6b3a\u9a97\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u5e38\u6bb7\u52e4\u70ed\u8bda\u53cd\u590d\u5730\u4f7f\u5df2\u79f0\u4e3a\u4e49\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u611f\u89c9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u771f\u6b63\u3001\u65e0\u53ef\u66f4\u6539\u3001\u795e\u5723\u4e4b\u6050\u5413\u3001\u96be\u582a\u4e4b\u5211\u7f5a\u4e0e\u8bad\u8beb\uff0c\u5982\uff1a\u201c\u4e0d\u8981\u81ea\u6b3a\uff1b\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u6deb\u4e71\u7684\uff0c\u62dc\u5076\u50cf\u7684\uff0c\u5978\u6deb\u7684\u2026\u2026\u4e0d\u80fd\u627f\u53d7\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u56fd\u201d\uff08\u6797\u524d\u516d9\uff09\u3002\u201c\u884c\u8fd9\u6837\u4e8b\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5fc5\u4e0d\u80fd\u627f\u53d7\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u56fd\u201d\uff08\u52a0\u4e9421\uff1b\u5f17\u4e945 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:\u201c\u5e94\u5f53\u66f4\u52a0\u6bb7\u52e4\uff0c\u4f7f\u4f60\u4eec\u6240\u8499\u7684\u6069\u53ec\u548c\u62e3\u9009\u575a\u5b9a\u4e0d\u79fb\u201d\uff0c\u5728\u4e8c\u5341\u676113\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5f7c\u5f97\u6559\u8bad\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u4e3a\u4f55\u5f53\u884c\u5584\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4e3a\u8981\u575a\u5b9a\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6069\u53ec\uff0c\u4e0d\u81f4\u518d\u5815\u843d\u4e8e\u7f6a\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a\u2018\u8981\u884c\u5584\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fdd\u5b58\u5929\u4e0a\u7684\u6069\u53ec\uff0c\u514d\u5f97\u4f60\u4eec\u5931\u843d\u5723\u7075\u4e0e\u7942\u7684\u6069\u8d50\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6069\u8d50\u4f60\u4eec\u672a\u66fe\u56e0\u968f\u540e\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u9886\u53d7\uff0c\u800c\u56e0\u4e86\u6069\u5178\uff0c\u85c9\u7740\u57fa\u7763\u4e34\u5230\u4f60\u4eec\uff0c\u5e76\u85c9\u4fe1\u4fdd\u6301\uff01\u4f46\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e0d\u5b58\u7559\u5728\u751f\u6d3b\u90aa\u6076\uff0c\u5931\u843d\u5723\u7075\uff0c\u4e0e\u62d2\u7edd\u61ca\u6094\u7684\u4eba\u4e2d\u3002\u2019 \u201d<\/p>\n<p>34\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5176\u610f\u4e49\u5e76\u975e\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4ec5\u5728\u5f00\u59cb\u65f6\uff0c\u9886\u53d7\u4e49\u4e0e\u6551\u8d4e\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5c06\u6b64\u804c\u52a1\u6388\u4e0e\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u597d\u50cf\u4ee5\u540e\u884c\u4e3a\u4fbf\u5e94\u4fdd\u5b88\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u4fdd\u5b88\u6240\u9886\u53d7\u7684\u4e49\u4e0e\u6551\u8d4e\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\uff0c\u4e3a\u8981\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u4ec5\u9886\u53d7\uff0c\u5374\u4e5f\u5fc5\u4fdd\u5b58\u4e49\u4e0e\u6551\u8d4e\u4e4b\u5e94\u8bb8\uff0c\u80fd\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u751a\u4e3a\u786e\u5b9a\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5723\u4fdd\u7f57\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5c06\u5165\u6069\u4e4b\u4e3e\u5f52\u4e0e\u4fe1\uff0c\u4ea6\u5c06\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u4eca\u7ad9\u5728\u6069\u5178\u4e4b\u4e0b\u3014\u7684\u798f\u3015\uff0c\u548c\u5206\u4eab\u4e0a\u5e1d\u8363\u8000\u7684\u76fc\u671b\u90fd\u5f52\u4e0e\u4fe1\uff08\u7f57\u4e942 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\u53c8\uff1a\u201c\u5e76\u4e14\u5f97\u7740\u4f60\u4eec\u4fe1\u5fc3\u7684\u679c\u6548\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u7075\u9b42\u7684\u6551\u6069\u201d\uff08\u5f7c\u524d\u4e005\u30019\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>35\u65e2\u7136\uff0c\u4ece\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9053\u663e\u660e\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e3a\u552f\u4e00\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u5a92\u4ecb\uff0c\u4eba\u85c9\u4e4b\u4e0d\u4ec5\u9886\u53d7\u4e49\u4e0e\u6551\u8d4e\uff0c\u4ea6\u8499\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4fdd\u5b58\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4eec\u5408\u7406\u5730\u5f03\u7edd\u5929\u7279\u8bae\u4f1a\uff08Council of Trent 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(\u8b6c\u5982\u3001\u5f53\u997c\u653e\u7f6e\u5728\u5723\u5323\u4e2d\uff0c\u6216\u62ff\u6765\u5f53\u4f5c\u5947\u89c2\u6e38\u884c\uff0c\u4f7f\u4eba\u656c\u62dc)\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u4e0e\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\u5916\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u4e0d\u80fd\u89c6\u4e3a\u5723\u793c\uff0c\u5fc5\u6709\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e4b\u9053\u4e2d\u8bbe\u7acb\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\uff0c\u5982\u524d\u9762\u6240\u6307\u660e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>109\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u5f03\u7edd\u5492\u8bc5\u5c5e\u6559\u7687\u6d3e\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u5bf9\u6b64\u5723\u793c\u4e4b\u5984\u7528\uff0c\u8bf8\u5982\u4e3a\u6d3b\u4eba\u6b7b\u4eba\u796d\u7940\uff0c\u5f25\u6492\u7684\u53ef\u618e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>110\u518d\u8005\uff0c\u4e0e\u57fa\u7763\u660e\u767d\u547d\u4ee4\u548c\u8bbe\u65bd\u7b49\u7b49\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u5982\uff1a\u53ea\u5c06\u4e00\u79cd\u3014\u539f\u8d28\uff0c\u5373\u997c\u3015\u9012\u7ed9\u5e73\u4fe1\u5f92\u3002\u6559\u7687\u6d3e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5984\u7528\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u66fe\u85c9\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e4b\u9053\u548c\u6559\u4f1a\u5171\u540c\u3014\u5965\u65af\u5821\u3015\u4fe1\u6761\uff0c\u8fa9\u62a4\u8bba\uff0c\u65bd\u9a6c\u52a0\u767b\u6761\u6b3e\uff0c\u53e4\u4ee3\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u89c1\u8bc1\uff0c\u53ca\u6211\u4eec\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u5176\u4ed6\u8457\u4f5c\u4e88\u4ee5\u5f7b\u5e95\u9a73\u5012\u3002<\/p>\n<p>111\u5728\u672c\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u610f\u6b32\u9996\u5148\u9648\u8ff0\u6211\u4eec\u5173\u4e8e\u57fa\u7763\u8eab\u4f53\u548c\u8840\u771f\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4fe1\u6761\u4e0e\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u4ee5\u62b5\u6297\u5723\u793c\u6d3e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e2d\u95f4\u66fe\u6709\u6570\u4f4d\u65e0\u803b\u5730\u4ee5\u58a8\u5b88\u5965\u65af\u5821\u4fe1\u6761\u4e4b\u540d\uff0c\u4fb5\u5165\u6211\u4eec\u6559\u4f1a\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u9648\u8ff0\u5e76\u5217\u4e3e\u5723\u793c\u6d3e\u4e4b\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u4ee5\u8b66\u6212\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u542c\u9053\u4eba\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u80fd\u907f\u514d\u5e76\u9632\u5907\u4ed6\u4eec\u3002112\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u4ee5\u5fc3\u548c\u53e3\u5f03\u7edd\u5492\u8bc5\u6240\u6709\u5bf9\u4ee5\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e4b\u9053\u7684\u9053\u7406\u4e0d\u76f8\u5408\u3001\u53cd\u5bf9\u3001\u6216\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u5723\u793c\u6d3e\u4e4b\u610f\u89c1\u4e0e\u9053\u7406\uff0c\u4e3a\u865a\u5047\u3001\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u4e0e\u8bef\u5bfc\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1. \u65ad\u8a00\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e4b\u8bed\u4e0d\u5f53\u6309\u5176\u6240\u8a00\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u5355\u7eaf\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u5723\u665a\u9910\u4e2d\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u548c\u8840\u771f\u6b63\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u53cd\u5f53\u7ed9\u4e0e\u6bd4\u55bb\u6216\u4fee\u9970\u6ce8\u91ca\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u3001\u65b0\u5947\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002113\u6211\u4eec\u5f03\u7edd\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5723\u793c\u6d3e\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u4e0e\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e0d\u5408\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5b83\u4eec\u591a\u5c11\u53ca\u5404\u79cd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>2. \u540c\u6837\uff0c\u5426\u8ba4\u5728\u5723\u6669\u9910\u4e2d\u4ee5\u53e3\u5403\u559d\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u548c\u8840\uff0c\u5e76\u76f8\u53cd\u5730\u6559\u8bad\u4eba\u5728\u5723\u9910\u4e2d\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u60df\u85c9\u4fe1\u5c5e\u7075\u7684\u5206\u4eab\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u5723\u9910\u4e2d\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u53e3\u53ea\u9886\u53d7\u997c\u548c\u9152\u3002114<\/p>\n<p>3. \u53c8\u5f03\u7edd\uff1a\u6559\u5bfc\u5723\u9910\u4e2d\u7684\u997c\u548c\u9152\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e92\u76f8\u4f53\u8ba4\u7684\u8868\u8bb0\uff0c\u6216115<\/p>\n<p>4. \u997c\u548c\u9152\u53ea\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u9694\u8fdc\u7684\u56fe\u50cf\u3001\u6bd4\u55bb\u3001\u578b\u5f0f\uff08\u8b6c\u5982\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u997c\u548c\u9152\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u8eab\u4f53\u5916\u8868\u7684\u7cae\u98df\uff0c\u4e0d\u5728\u573a\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u8eab\u4f53\u540c\u7740\u7942\u7684\u529f\u52b3\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u7075\u9b42\u5c5e\u7075\u7684\u7cae\u98df\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>5. 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\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u65ad\u8a00\u57fa\u7763\u4e0d\u80fd\u6216\u4e0d\u5f97\u5e94\u8bb8\uff0c\u6216\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u5b9e\u73b0\u7942\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u548c\u8840\u5728\u5723\u9910\u4e2d\u771f\u5b9e\u672c\u8d28\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7942\u6240\u63a5\u53d7\u4eba\u6027\u4e4b\u81ea\u7136\u6027\u4e0e\u7279\u6027\u4e0d\u8bb8\u53ef\uff0c\u4e0d\u51c6\u8bb8\u5982\u6b64\u3002120<\/p>\n<p>10. \u53c8\uff0c\u975e\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u8bdd\u4e0e\u5168\u80fd\u4f7f\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5723\u665a\u9910\u4e2d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4fe1\u5fc3\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u5728\u4e3e\u884c\u5723\u9910\u65f6\uff0c\u7701\u7565\u8bbe\u7acb\u8bed\u3002121\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u7406\u65a5\u8d23\u5492\u8bc5\u5c5e\u6559\u7687\u6d3e\u5206\u8fa8\u4e3a\u5723\u4e4b\u793c\uff0c\u5373\u5c06\u5b9e\u73b0\u5723\u793c\u4e4b\u4e8b\u5f52\u4e0e\u795e\u7236\u4e4b\u8a00\u8bed\u4e0e\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5f53\u4e3e\u884c\u5723\u9910\u65f6\uff0c\u51b3\u4e0d\u8be5\u7701\u7565\u8bbe\u7acb\u8bed\uff0c\u5982\u524d\u9762\u6ce8\u91ca\u4e2d\u6240\u663e\u793a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>11. \u53c8\uff0c\u4fe1\u5f92\u4e0d\u5e94\u7167\u57fa\u7763\u8bbe\u7acb\u7684\u8bdd\u5728\u5723\u9910\u997c\u548c\u9152\u5185\u5bfb\u6c42\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\uff0c\u800c\u5e94\u53d7\u6307\u793a\u4ee5\u4fe1\u79bb\u5f00\u665a\u9910\u4e4b\u997c\u548c\u9152\u770b\u671b\u5929\u5802\uff0c\u5373\u57fa\u7763\u4e0e\u7942\u8eab\u4f53\u6240\u5728\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u513f\u5206\u4eab\u7942\u3002122<\/p>\n<p>12. \u6211\u4eec\u5f03\u7edd\u7684\u9053\u7406\u4ea6\u662f\uff1a\u4e0d\u4fe1\u8005\u3001\u672a\u6094\u6539\u8005\uff0c\u4e0e\u90aa\u6076\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\uff0c\u5373\u4ec5\u80cc\u8d1f\u57fa\u7763\u4e4b\u540d\uff0c\u5374\u65e0\u6b63\u786e\u3001\u771f\u5b9e\u3001\u6d3b\u6cfc\u3001\u6551\u4eba\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u53ea\u5728\u5723\u9910\u4e2d\u9886\u53d7\u997c\u4e0e\u9152\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u9886\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u548c\u8840\u3002\u8d74\u6b64\u5929\u5e2d\u7684\u53ea\u662f\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u79cd\u5ba2\u4eba\uff1a\u914d\u4e0e\u4e0d\u914d\u8005\u3002123\u6545\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u5f03\u7edd\u4e8e\u4e0d\u914d\u8005\u95f4\u9020\u6210\u6b64\u79cd\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0d\u4fe1\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4f0a\u6bd5\u9e20\u9c81\u4e0e\u8ba5\u7b11\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e4b\u9053\u8005\uff0c\u5373\u5904\u4e8e\u6559\u4f1a\u5916\u8868\u7684\u4ea4\u901a\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u5723\u9910\u65f6\uff0c\u4ec5\u9886\u53d7\u997c\u4e0e\u9152\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5ba1\u5224\u9886\u53d7\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u548c\u8840\u3002<\/p>\n<p>13. \u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u5f03\u7edd\uff0c\u914d\u9886\u4e0d\u4e3a\u771f\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u4e43\u4e3a\u4eba\u81ea\u5df1\u9884\u5907\u7684\u9053\u7406\u3002124<\/p>\n<p>14. \u53c8\uff0c\u5f53\u6559\u5bfc\uff1a\u751a\u81f3\u771f\u4fe1\u5f92\u867d\u5b58\u6709\u771f\u5b9e\u3001\u975e\u4f2a\u3001\u6d3b\u6cfc\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u5374\u7f3a\u5c11\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5b9a\u6807\u51c6\u4e4b\u9884\u5907\uff0c\u50cf\u4e0d\u914d\u7684\u5ba2\u4eba\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u80fd\u4e3a\u5b9a\u7f6a\u9886\u53d7\u6b64\u5723\u793c\u3002125<\/p>\n<p>15. 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\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u5f03\u7edd\u5492\u8bc5\u6240\u6709\u64c5\u81ea\u3001\u8ba5\u8bbd\u3001\u6bc1\u8c24\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e0e\u8f9e\u53e5\uff0c\u4ee5\u7c97\u4fd7\u3001\u5c5e\u8089\u4f53\u3001\u5c5e\u52a0\u4f2f\u519c\u65b9\u5f0f\u63d0\u53ca\u90a3\u5173\u4e8e\u6b64\u665a\u9910\u5929\u7136\u4e4b\u4e0a\u5c5e\u5929\u4e4b\u5965\u79d8\u3002127<\/p>\n<p>128\u524d\u9762\u89e3\u91ca\u4e2d\u66fe\u65a5\u8d23\u3001\u5f03\u7edd\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u5bf9\u53e5\u4e0e\u88ab\u5f03\u7edd\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\uff1b\u4e3a\u7b80\u6d01\u8d77\u89c1\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u613f\u518d\u4f5c\u91cd\u590d\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u6709\u53ef\u5492\u8bc5\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u6216\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u89c1\u89e3\uff0c\u6781\u6613\u4ece\u89e3\u91ca\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u7531\u540d\u79f0\u4e0a\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff1b\u56e0\u6211\u4eec\u5f03\u7edd\u5492\u8bc5\u4e0e\u524d\u8ff0\u4e0e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e4b\u9053\u7684\u9053\u7406\u4e0d\u76f8\u5408\u3001\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6216\u53cd\u5bf9\u7684\u5f02\u7aef\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u516b \u8bba\u57fa\u7763\u4e4b\u4f4d\u683c<br>1\u5c5e\u5965\u65af\u5821\u4fe1\u6761\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u5bf9\u4e8e\u57fa\u7763\u4e4b\u4f4d\u683c\u4ea6\u53d1\u751f\u4e89\u8fa9\u3002\u7136\u800c\u5b83\u8d77\u5148\u5e76\u975e\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e2d\u95f4\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7531\u5723\u793c\u6d3e\u9996\u5148\u53d1\u8d77\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>2\u56e0\u4e3a\u5f53\u8def\u5fb7\u535a\u58eb\u4e3a\u53cd\u5bf9\u5723\u793c\u6d3e\uff0c\u7531\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e4b\u8bed\u4ee5\u575a\u7a33\u8fa9\u9a73\u575a\u6301\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u548c\u8840\u5728\u5723\u9910\u4e2d\u771f\u5b9e\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u65f6\uff0c\u6148\u8fd0\u7406\u6d3e (Zwinglians)\u5f02\u8bba\u8c13\uff1a\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u82e5\u540c\u65f6\u5728\u5929\u4e0a\u4e0e\u5728\u5730\u4e0a\u5723\u9910\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e3a\u771f\u5b9e\u4eba\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\uff0c\u56e0\u8fd9\u79cd\u5a01\u4e25\u4ec5\u5c5e\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u4e4b\u8eab\u4f53\u529e\u4e0d\u5230\u3002<\/p>\n<p>3\u8def\u5fb7\u535a\u58eb\u5426\u8ba4\u5e76\u6fc0\u70c8\u5730\u9a73\u65a5\u6b64\u3014\u5f02\u7aef\u3015\uff0c\u5982\u4ed6\u5c5e\u9053\u7406\u4e0e\u8bba\u53ca\u5723\u665a\u9910\u4e4b\u4e89\u8bba\u6027\u8457\u4f5c\u660e\u663e\u7684\u8868\u793a\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ee5\u6b64\u6587\u4ef6\u516c\u5f00\u627f\u8ba4\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u56fa\u5b88\u30024\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u6b7b\u540e\uff0c\u6570\u4f4d\u5965\u65af\u5821\u4fe1\u6761\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u5e76\u672a\u51c6\u5907\u597d\u8981\u516c\u5f00\u660e\u767d\u5730\u4e0e\u5723\u793c\u6d3e\u5728\u4e3b\u5723\u665a\u9910\u7684\u9053\u7406\u4e0a\u5408\u4e00\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ecd\u7136\u4f7f\u7528\u540c\u6837\u5173\u4e8e\u57fa\u7763\u4f4d\u683c\u7acb\u573a\u8fa9\u8bba\uff1b\u4f46\u5723\u793c\u6d3e\u4eec\u6562\u7528\u8fd9\u7acb\u573a\u8fa9\u8bba\u6765\u6d88\u9664\u57fa\u7763\u665a\u9910\u4e2d\u7942\u8eab\u4f53\u548c\u8840\u771f\u5b9e\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f53\u5c06\u4efb\u4f55\u8d85\u8d8a\uff0c\u6216\u62b5\u89e6\u81ea\u7136\u672c\u8d28\u7279\u6027\u4e4b\u4e8b\uff0c\u5f52\u4e0e\u57fa\u7763\u4f4d\u683c\u4e4b\u4eba\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4ed6\u4eec\u51e0\u4e4e\u4ee5\u5168\u53e4\u4ee3\u53ef\u6015\u7684\u5f02\u7aef\u63a7\u544a\u79ef\u538b\u8def\u5fb7\u535a\u58eb\u4e4b\u6559\u8bad\uff0c\u53ca\u4e00\u5207\u8ddf\u968f\u4ed6\u4e0e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u8bdd\u76f8\u5408\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u6559\u8bad\u3002<\/p>\n<p>5\u4e3a\u4e86\u4ee5\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u6309\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9053\uff0c\u7167\u6211\u4eec\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u6734\u5b9e\u4fe1\u6761\u89e3\u91ca\u6b64\u9879\u4e89\u8fa9\uff0c\u5e76\u85c9\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u6069\u5178\u6b63\u786e\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u540c\u5fc3\u6559\u5bfc\u3001\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u4e0e\u627f\u8ba4\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>1. \u6211\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\u3001\u6559\u5bfc\uff0c\u5e76\u627f\u8ba4\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u867d\u7136\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u3001\u4e2a\u522b\uff0c\u4e0e\u5b8c\u5168\u795e\u5723\u4f4d\u683c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u66fe\u540c\u7236\u4e0e\u5723\u7075\u4e3a\u6c38\u8fdc\u771f\u5b9e\u3001\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u4e0e\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u5019\u5b8c\u5168\u6765\u5230\uff0c\u7942\u5c06\u4eba\u6027\u63a5\u53d7\u5165\u7942\u4f4d\u683c\u4e4b\u8054\u5408\u91cc\uff0c\u5176\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0d\u662f\u4f7f\u7942\u73b0\u5728\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u4f4d\u683c\u6216\u4e24\u4f4d\u57fa\u7763\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u73b0\u4eca\u5728\u4e00\u4f4d\u683c\u4e2d\uff0c\u662f\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e4b\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u7531\u7236\u81ea\u6c38\u8fdc\u800c\u751f\uff0c\u4ea6\u540c\u65f6\u4e3a\u771f\u4eba\uff0c\u7531\u81f3\u8499\u798f\u7684\u7ae5\u5973\u9a6c\u91cc\u4e9a\u6240\u751f\uff0c\u5982\u7ecf\u4e0a\u8bb0\u7740\uff1a\u201c\u6309\u8089\u4f53\u8bf4\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u662f\u4ece\u4ed6\u4eec\u51fa\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u7942\u662f\u5728\u4e07\u6709\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u6c38\u8fdc\u53ef\u79f0\u9882\u4e4b\u4e0a\u5e1d\u201d(\u7f57\u4e5d5)\u30026<\/p>\n<p>2. 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\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u524d\u79f0\u4e49\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u53ea\u9760\u57fa\u7763\u60df\u4e00\u987a\u4ece\u548c\u529f\u52b3\uff0c\u5c1a\u9760\u7740\u81ea\u5df1\u66f4\u65b0\u4e0e\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9762\u524d\u6240\u884c\u7684\u8654\u8bda\u3002\u4f46\u6b64\u8654\u8bda\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u57fa\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5947\u5f02\u89c4\u5219\u4e0e\u81ea\u9009\u4e4b\u7075\u6027\uff0c\u597d\u50cf\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u4fee\u9053\u9662\u4e3b\u4e49\u300210<\/p>\n<p>2. \u672a\u53d7\u5723\u6d17\u793c\u7684\u513f\u5973\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9762\u524d\u4e0d\u662f\u7f6a\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u65e0\u8f9c\u7684\u4e49\u4eba\uff0c\u6545\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u65e0\u8f9c\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u53d7\u5723\u6d17\u793c\u800c\u5f97\u6551\uff0c\u56e0\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5723\u6d17\u793c\u3002\u5982\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u5426\u8ba4\u5f03\u7edd\u5173\u4e8e\u9057\u4f20\u7f6a\u3014\u539f\u7f6a\u3015\u53ca\u6240\u5c5e\u4e00\u5207\u9053\u7406\u300211<\/p>\n<p>3. \u5f53\u4ed6\u4eec\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u81ea\u5df1\u627f\u8ba4\u4fe1\u4ef0\u65f6\uff0c\u513f\u5973\u624d\u8be5\u53d7\u5723\u6d17\u793c\u300212<\/p>\n<p>4. \u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u513f\u5973\uff0c\u56e0\u7531\u6709\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u7236\u6bcd\u6240\u751f\uff0c\u8fde\u672a\u53d7\u6d17\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u539f\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5723\u6d01\u7684\u513f\u5973\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u5c0a\u91cd\u5a74\u5b69\u53d7\u5723\u8ba4\u793c\u4e3a\u751a\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4e14\u4e0d\u63d0\u5021\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5b83\uff0c\u4e0e\u3014\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3015\u7279\u522b\u5e94\u8bb8\u7684\u8bdd\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u90a3\u5e94\u8bb8\u53ea\u662f\u8fbe\u81f3\u9075\u5b88\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e4b\u7ea6\uff0c\u4e0d\u85d0\u89c6\u5b83\u7684\u4eba\uff08\u521b\u5341\u4e034-8\uff0c19-21\uff09 \u300213<\/p>\n<p>5. \u82e5\u4ecd\u6709\u7f6a\u4eba\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u805a\u96c6\u6216\u533a\u4f1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u5219\u4e0d\u662f\u771f\u6559\u4f1a\u300214<\/p>\n<p>6. \u4e0d\u53ef\u5728\u4ece\u524d\u5ff5\u8fc7\u6559\u7687\u5f25\u6492\u7684\u6559\u5802\u5185\u542c\u9053\u300215<\/p>\n<p>7. \u4e0d\u53ef\u4e0e\u7167\u5965\u65af\u5821\u4fe1\u6761\u4f20\u798f\u97f3\u7684\u6267\u4e8b\uff0c\u5e76\u65a5\u8d23\u91cd\u6d17\u793c\u6d3e\u9519\u8bef\u4e4b\u6559\u4f1a\u4f20\u9053\u4eba\u6765\u5f80\uff1b\u4e0d\u53ef\u670d\u4e8b\u4ed6\u4eec\u6216\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u50cf\u9003\u907f\u8bef\u89e3\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e4b\u9053\u7684\u4eba\u4e00\u6837\u907f\u514d\u4ed6\u4eec\u300216<\/p>\n<p>8. \u5728\u65b0\u7ea6\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e3a\u653f\u5e9c\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u975e\u8654\u8bda\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u300217<\/p>\n<p>9. \u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ee5\u65e0\u4e8f\u7684\u826f\u5fc3\u4efb\u653f\u5e9c\u4e4b\u804c\u52a1\u300218<\/p>\n<p>10. \u5728\u9002\u5f53\u573a\u5408\u4f4d\u4efd\u4e2d\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u4f7f\u7528\u5b98\u5458\u804c\u6743\u53cd\u5bf9\u6076\u4eba\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u8fdd\u80cc\u826f\u5fc3\uff1b\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u516c\u6c11\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u6c42\u52a9\u4e8e\u653f\u5e9c\u300219<\/p>\n<p>11. \u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u5728\u6cd5\u5ead\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u51ed\u5e73\u5b89\u7684\u826f\u5fc3\u8d77\u8a93\uff0c\u62b5\u6297\u6216\u53d1\u8a93\u8981\u5c0a\u656c\u56fd\u541b\u6216\u55e3\u738b\u300220<\/p>\n<p>12. \u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u5bf9\u884c\u6076\u8005\u5904\u6b7b\u5211\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u4e8f\u8d1f\u81ea\u5df1\u826f\u5fc3\u300221<\/p>\n<p>13. \u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6000\u65e0\u6127\u4e4b\u826f\u5fc3\u53bb\u4fdd\u6709\u79c1\u4eba\u8d22\u4ea7\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u4e49\u52a1\u5c06\u4ed6\u7684\u8d22\u4ea7\u732e\u7ed9\u6559\u4f1a\u3014\u4e4b\u793e\u4f1a\u3015\u300222<\/p>\n<p>14. \u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u4e0d\u80fd\u51ed\u826f\u5fc3\u4f5c\u4e00\u4f4d\u5ba2\u5e97\u4e3b\u4eba\u3001\u5546\u4eba\uff0c\u6216\u5200\u5320\u300223<\/p>\n<p>15. \u6210\u5a5a\u4eba\u80fd\u56e0\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e0d\u540c\u79bb\u5a5a\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u80fd\u820d\u5f03\u4ed6\u65b9\uff0c\u4e0e\u540c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u4ed6\u4eba\u518d\u5a5a\u300224<\/p>\n<p>16. \u57fa\u7763\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u4e0e\u8840\u975e\u7531\u7ae5\u5973\u9a6c\u5229\u4e9a\u5f97\u4e4b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u81ea\u5929\u5e26\u6765\u300225<\/p>\n<p>17. \u57fa\u7763\u4e0d\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u4e0e\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u6bd4\u4ed6\u4eba\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u66f4\u9ad8\u4e0a\u4e4b\u6069\u8d50\u4e0e\u8363\u8000\u300226<\/p>\n<p>27\u4ed6\u4eec\u575a\u6301\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u6761\u6587\u5c1a\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f7c\u6b64\u5df2\u5206\u88c2\u4e3a\u8bb8\u591a\u6d3e\u522b\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u6240\u6301\u9519\u8bef\u9053\u7406\u8f83\u591a\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u8f83\u5c11\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6574\u4e2a\u6559\u6d3e\u65e0\u975e\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u4fee\u9053\u6d3e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u58eb\u6587\u514b\u975e\u7279\u6d3eSchwenkfelders\u4e4b\u9519\u8bef\u6761\u6b3e<\/p>\n<p>28\u6211\u4eec\u5f03\u7edd\u5492\u8bc5\u58eb\u6587\u514b\u975e\u6d3e\u4e0b\u5217\u5404\u6761\u4e3a\u5f02\u7aef\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>1. \u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u4eba\u82e5\u76f8\u4fe1\u57fa\u7763\u7167\u8089\u4f53\u6216\u7167\u7942\u6240\u53d7\u7684\u4eba\u6027\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u53d7\u9020\u8005\uff0c\u5373\u4e0d\u7b97\u771f\u6b63\u8ba4\u8bc6\u57fa\u7763\u4e3a\u638c\u6743\u5929\u738b\u300229\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u6559\u5bfc\uff1a\u57fa\u7763\u8089\u4f53\u85c9\u9ad8\u4e3e\u63a5\u53d7\u5168\u5907\u795e\u5723\u4e4b\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e4b\u4e8e\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u6743\u67c4\u3001\u5a01\u4e25\uff0c\u4e0e\u8363\u8000\u5404\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u672c\u8d28\u4e4b\u7b49\u7ea7\u5730\u4f4d\u4e0e\u5929\u7236\u53ca\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e4b\u9053\u76f8\u7b49\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u57fa\u7763\u4e8c\u6027\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u672c\u8d28\u3001\u7279\u6027\u3001\u65e8\u610f\uff0c\u4e0e\u8363\u8000\u4f7f\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u5c5e\u5723\u4e09\u4f4d\u4e00\u4f53\u4e4b\u672c\u8d28\u3002<\/p>\n<p>2. \u6559\u4f1a\u804c\u4e8b\u5373\u6240\u4f20\u542c\u4e4b\u9053\uff0c\u4e0d\u4e3a\u5723\u7075\u4e0a\u5e1d\u85c9\u4ee5\u5c06\u57fa\u7763\u6551\u4eba\u77e5\u8bc6\u3001\u5f52\u56de\u3001\u6094\u6539\u3001\u4fe1\u4ef0\u6559\u5bfc\u4eba\u6216\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u5185\u9762\u9020\u65b0\u987a\u4ece\u5a92\u4ecb\u300230<\/p>\n<p>3. \u6d17\u793c\u4e4b\u6c34\u4e0d\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5370\u8bc1\u513f\u5973\u7684\u540d\u5206\u5e76\u9020\u91cd\u751f\u4e4b\u5a92\u4ecb\u300231<\/p>\n<p>4. \u5723\u665a\u9910\u4e4b\u997c\u548c\u9152\u4e0d\u4e3a\u57fa\u7763\u85c9\u4ee5\u5206\u9012\u7942\u8eab\u4f53\u548c\u8840\u7684\u5a92\u4ecb\u300232<\/p>\n<p>5. \u85c9\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5723\u7075\u771f\u6b63\u91cd\u751f\u4e3a\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u80fd\u5728\u6b64\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u5b8c\u5168\u9075\u5b88\u5b9e\u884c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5f8b\u6cd5\u300233<\/p>\n<p>6. \u4e0d\u65bd\u884c\u516c\u5f00\u9a71\u9010\uff0c\u6216\u89c4\u5b9a\u9010\u51fa\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u533a\u4f1a\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u771f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u533a\u4f1a\u300234<\/p>\n<p>7. \u6559\u4f1a\u6267\u4e8b\u3014\u7267\u5e08\u3015\u672c\u8eab\u82e5\u4e0d\u771f\u6b63\u66f4\u65b0\u3001\u6709\u4e49\uff0c\u4e0e\u8654\u8bda\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u6709\u76ca\u5730\u6559\u5bfc\u53ca\u65bd\u884c\u771f\u5b9e\u5723\u793c\u300235<\/p>\n<p>\u65b0\u4e9a\u6d41\u6d3eNew Arians\u4e4b\u9519\u8bef\u6761\u6b3e<\/p>\n<p>36\u6211\u4eec\u5f03\u7edd\u5492\u8bc5\u65b0\u4e9a\u6d41\u6d3e\u6240\u6559\u5bfc\u7684\u5f02\u7aef\uff1a\u57fa\u7763\u4e0d\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u672c\u8d28\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u540c\u7236\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5c5e\u4e00\u6c38\u8fdc\u795e\u5723\u4e4b\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4ee5\u795e\u5723\u5a01\u4e25\u4e3a\u88c5\u9970\uff0c\u6b21\u4e8e\u7236\uff0c\u5728\u7236\u4e4b\u65c1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53cd\u5bf9\u4e09\u4f4d\u4e00\u4f53\u65b0\u6d3eNew Anti-Trinitarians \u4e4b\u9519\u8bef\u6761\u6b3e<\/p>\n<p>1. 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