Memorizations

Latin-Difficulties

1		2		3
a	ae	us/um	i/a	–	es/a
ae	arum	i	orum	is	um
ae	is	o	is	i	ibus
am	as	um	os/a	em/-	es/a
a	is	o	is	e	ibus
4		5
us/u	us/ua	es	es
us/us/u	uum	ei	erum
ui/ui/u	ibus	ei	ebus
um/u	us/ua	em	es
u	ibus	e	ebus

---

I: ego	tu:you	is: he
mei: of me	tui: of you	eius: of him
nos: we	vos: you (pl)	ei or ii: they
mei: of myself	tui: of yourselves	sui: of himself
notri: of ourselves	vestri: of yourselves (pl)	sui: of themselves
meus, meum, mea: my own, mine	tuus, tuum, tua: yours	suus, suum, sua: his own

---

	I	you	He	She	It
Singular	Ego	Tu	Id	Id	Id
Nominative	Ego	Tu	Is	Ea	Id
Genitive	Mei	Tui	Eius	Eius	Eius
Dative	Mihi	Tibi	Ei	Ei	Ei
Accusative	Me	Te	Eum	Eam	Id
Ablative	Me	Te	Eo	Ea	Eo
Plural
Nominative	Nos	Vos	Ei	Eae	Ea
Genitive	Nostrum/Nostri	Vestri	Eorum	Earum	Eorum
Dative	Nobis	Vobis	Eis	Eis	Eis
Accusative	Nos	Vos	Eos	Eas	Ea
Ablative	Nobis	Vobis	Eis	Eis	Eis
refer to subject self	myself	yourself	himself, herself, itself
Nominative	———	———	———
Genitive	Mei	Tui	Sui
Dative	Mihi	Tibi	Sibi
Accusative	Me	Te	Se (Sese)
Ablative	Me	Te	Se (Sese)
Plural
Nominative	———	———	———
Genitive	Nostrum/Nostri	Vestri	Sui
Dative	Nobis	Vobis	Sibi
Accusative	Nos	Vos	Se (Sese)
Ablative	Nobis	Vobis	Se (Sese)

---

secum = se + cum: with himself
Venit, sed sui eum non cognoverunt.
He came, but his own people did not know him.
sui —> subject he, as his own people.
eum —> object of verb cognoverunt.

---

my

my	Fem	Masc	Neuter	ours	Fem	Masc	Neuter
Nominative	Mea	Meus	Meum	Nominative	Nostra	Noster	Nostrum
Genitive	Meae	Mei	Mei	Genitive	Nostrae	Nostri	Nostri
Dative	Meae	Meo	Meo	Dative	Nostrae	Nostro	Nostro
Accusative	Meam	Meum	Meum	Accusative	Nostram	Nostrum	Nostrum
Ablative	Mea	Meo	Meo	Ablative	Nostra	Nostro	Nostro
Vocative	Mea	Mi	Meum	Vocative	Nostra	Noster	Nostrum
Plural				Plural
Nominative	Meae	Mei	Mea	Nominative	Nostrae	Nostri	Nostra
Genitive	Mearum	Meorum	Meorum	Genitive	Nostrarum	Nostrorum	Nostrorum
Dative	Meis	Meis	Meis	Dative	Nostris	Nostris	Nostris
Accusative	Meas	Meos	Mea	Accusative	Nostras	Nostros	Nostra
Ablative	Meis	Meis	Meis	Ablative	Nostris	Nostris	Nostris
Vocative	Meae	Mei	Mea	Vocative	Nostrae	Nostri	Nostra

---

your	Feminine	Masculine	Neuter	Pl.	Feminine	Masculine	Neuter
Nominative	Tua	Tuus	Tuum		Vestra	Vester	Vestrum
Genitive	Tuae	Tui	Tui		Vestrae	Vestri	Vestri
Dative	Tuae	Tuo	Tuo		Vestrae	Vestro	Vestro
Accusative	Tuam	Tuum	Tuum		Vestram	Vestrum	Vestrum
Ablative	Tua	Tuo	Tuo		Vestra	Vestro	Vestro
Plural
Nominative	Tuae	Tui	Tua		Vestrae	Vestri	Vestra
Genitive	Tuarum	Tuorum	Tuorum		Vestrarum	Vestrorum	Vestrorum
Dative	Tuis	Tuis	Tuis		Vestris	Vestris	Vestris
Accusative	Tuas	Tuos	Tua		Vestras	Vestros	Vestra
Ablative	Tuis	Tuis	Tuis		Vestris	Vestris	Vestris

---

His, her, its, their (own)

Nominative	Suus	Sua	Suum	pl	Sui	Suae	Sua
Genitive	Sui	Suae	Sui		Suorum	Suarum	Suorum
Dative	Suo	Suae	Suo		Suis	Suis	Suis
Accusative	Suum	Suam	Suum		Suos	Suas	Sua
Ablative	Suo	Sua	Suo		Suis	Suis	Suis

vocative
nom. -ius => i Seius => Sei 
nom. -us => e  Dominus => Domine

Deus: nom. & voc.

meus => mi (sing) mi amice (my friend)
meus => mei (pl.)  mei amici (my friends)
mea puella (my girl)

himself / herself / itself

Sg.	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Pl.	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nom.	ipse	ipsa	ipsum		ipsi	ipsae	ipsa
Gen.	ipsius	ipsius	ipsius		ipsorum	ipsarum	ipsorum
Dat.	ipsi	ipsi	ipsi		ipsis	ipsis	ipsis
Acc.	ipsum	ipsam	ipsum		ipsos	ipsas	ipsa
Abl.	ipso	ipsa	ipso		ipsis	ipsis	ipsis

Relative Pron. (+ Clause): who, which, that

Sig.	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.	Pl.	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
Nom.	qui	quae	quod		qui	quae	quae
	v. you are able || adv. how? at whatever price		adv. with respect to which || conj. because [quod is: but if]
Gen.	cuius	cuius	cuius		quorum	quarum	quorum
Dat.	cui	cui	cui		quibus	quibus	quibus
Acc.	quem	quam	quod		quos	quas	quae
		adv. how much; as; than || conj. how, than
Abl.	quo	qua	quo		quibus	quibus	quibus
	adv. where; to what purpose; therefore || conj. where; wherever	adv. where; by which route

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interrogative Pron. Who? What? Which? (question)

sing.	M & F	Neuter	pl.	Masc	Fem	Neuter
	who	what		who	who	what
Nom.	quis	quid		qui	quae	quae
	v. you are able to	pron. anyone/anything; whoever you pick		v. you are able || adv. how? at whatever price
Gen.	cuius	cuius		quorum	quarum	quorum
Dat.	cui	cui		quibus	quibus	quibus
Acc.	quem	quid		quos	quas	quae
Abl.	quo	quo		quibus or quis	quibus or quis	quibus or quis
	adv. where; to what purpose; therefore || conj. where; wherever

nescio quis: some sort of, certain, someone
si quis, nisi quis, ne quis, ut quis, cum quis: anyone, anything, someone, something
si aliquis sometimes = si quis; nisi aliquis = nisi quis

---

(emphatic demonstrative pron.) this

Sig.	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Pl.	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nom.	hic	haec	hoc		hi	hae	haec
Gen.	huius	huius	huius		horum	harum	horum
Dat.	huic	huic	huic		his	his	his
Acc.	hunc	hanc	hoc		hos	has	haec
Abl.	hoc	hac	hoc		his	his	his

---

(emphatic demonstrative pron.) that

Sg.	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	pl.	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nom.	ille	illa	illud		illi	illae	illa
Gen.	illius	illius	illius		illorum	illarum	illorum
Dat.	illi	illi	illi		illis	illis	illis
Acc.	illum	illam	illud		illos	illas	illa
Abl.	illo	illa	illo		illis	illis	illis

---

(unemphatic demonstrative pron.) this, that; he, she, it, they

Sg.	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Pl.	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nom.	is	ea	id		ei, ii	eae	ea
Gen.	ejus	ejus	ejus		eorum	earum	eorum
Dat.	ei	ei	ei		eis, iis	eis, iis	eis, iis
Acc.	eum	eam	id		eos	eas	ea
Abl.	eo	ea	eo		eis, iis	eis, iis	eis, iis

---

(unemphatic demonstrative pron. = hic) this, that, the latter, that (of yours)

Sg.	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Pl.	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nom.	iste	ista	istud		isti	istae	ista
Gen.	istius	istius	istius		istorum	istarum	istorum
Dat.	isti	isti	isti		istis	istis	istis
Acc.	istum	istam	istud		istos	istas	ista
Abl.	isto	ista	isto		istis	istis	istis

---

all, every one, whole

Sig. 3rd	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.	Pl.	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
Nom.	omnis	omnis	omne		omnes	omnes	omnia
Gen.	omnis	omnis	omnis		omnium	omnium	omnium
Dat.	omni	omni	omni		omnibus	omnibus	omnibus
Acc.	omnem	omnem	omne		omnes	omnes	omnia
Abl.	omni	omni	omni		omnibus	omnibus	omnibus
Comparative
Sg. 3rd	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Pl.	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nom.	omnior	omnior	omnius		omniores	omniores	omniora
Gen.	omnioris	omnioris	omnioris		omniorum	omniorum	omniorum
Dat.	omniori	omniori	omniori		omnioribus	omnioribus	omnioribus
Acc.	omniorem	omniorem	omnius		omniores	omniores	omniora
Abl.	omniore	omniore	omniore		omnioribus	omnioribus	omnioribus
Superlative
Sg. 1st/2nd	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Pl.	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nom.	omnissimus	omnissima	omnissimum		omnissimi	omnissimae	omnissima
Gen.	omnissimi	omnissimae	omnissimi		omnissimorum	omnissimarum	omnissimorum
Dat.	omnissimo	omnissimae	omnissimo		omnissimis	omnissimis	omnissimis
Acc.	omnissimum	omnissimam	omnissimum		omnissimos	omnissimas	omnissima
Abl.	omnissimo	omnissima	omnissimo		omnissimis	omnissimis	omnissimis

---

	1st/2nd	-ior (m & f), -ius (n); -ioris (gen) 3rd	-issimus, -issima, -issimum 1st/2nd
good	bonus, bona, bonum	melior, melius	optimus, optima, optimum
bad	malus, mala, malum	major, majus	maximus, maxima, maximum
great	magnus, magna, magnum	major, majus	maximus, maxima, maximum
		magis: more	maxime: most
		magis beatus: happier	maxime beatus: happiest
many	multus, multa, multum	plus, plures, plura	plurimus, plurima, plurimum
small	parvus, parva, parvum	minor, minus	minimus, minima, minimum
near	prope	propior, propius	proximus, proxima, proximum
before	prae, pro	prior, prius	primus, prima, primum
above	superus, supera, superum	superior, superius	supermus, superma, supermum

novus, nova, novum: new, recent;
novissimo: latest [in novissimo die: on the last day]
ante/super omnes bonus: best of all [good over all]

 

Comparison of adverbs

aptus, apta, aptum	apte	aptius	aptissime
suitable	suitably	more suitably	most suitably
suavis, suave	suaviter	suavius	suavissime
sweet	sweetly	more sweetly	most sweetly

tantum: only
multum: much
merito: rightly
bene: well
male: poorly
novissime: finally, at last
quam suaviter; quam suavissime: as sweetly as possible
Amicus meus erat vir quam incundissimus.
My friend was the happiest man possible.

---

imperative

	sing.	pl.
active	ama	amate
passive	amare	amamini

---

---

1ST	Fem. Singular	Plural	2ND	Mas. Singular	Plural	Neuter Singular	Plural
Nominative	-a	-ae	Nominative	-us	-ī	-um	-a
Genitive	-ae	-ārum	Genitive	-ī	-ōrum	-ī	-ōrum
Dative	-ae	-īs	Dative	-ō	-īs	-ō	-īs
Accusative	-am	-ās	Accusative	-um	-ōs	-um	-a
Ablative	-ā	-īs	Ablative	-ō	-īs	-ō	-īs
			3RD	M. & F. Singular	Plural	Neuter Singular	Plural
			Nominative	—	-ēs	—	-a
			Genitive	-is	-um	-is	-um
			Dative	-ī	-ibus	-ī	-ibus
			Accusative	-em	-ēs	—	-a
			Ablative	-e	-ibus	-e	-ibus
5TH	Singular	Plural	4TH	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
				-us ending nouns (M/F)		-ū ending nouns (N)
Nominative	-ēs	-ēs	Nominative	-us	-ūs	-u	-ua
Genitive	-eī	-ērum	Genitive	-ūs	-uum	-ūs -u	-uum
Dative	-eī	-ēbus	Dative	-uī	-ibus	-uī -u	-ibus
Accusative	-em	-ēs	Accusative	-um	-ūs	-u	-ua
Ablative	-ē	-ēbus	Ablative	-u	-ibus	-u	-ibus

---

---

1st -are	present	imperfect	future	perfect	pluperfect	future Perf.
simple	present simple: I do.		future simple: I will do.	past simple: I did.
progressive	present progressive: I am doing.	past progressive: I was doing.	future progressive: I will be doing.
completed				present completed: I have done.	past completed: I had done.	future completed: I will have done.
active	m	bam	bo	i	eram	ero
	s	bas	bis: You shall	isti	eras	eris
	t	bat	bit	it	erat	erit
	mus	bamus	bimus	imus	eramus	erimus
	tis	batis	bitis: You shall	istis	eratis	eritis
	nt	bant	bunt	erunt (ere)	erant	erint
passive	or	bar	bor	us/a/um sum	us/a/um eram	us/a/um ero
	ris (re)	baris (re)	beris (re)	us/a/um es	us/a/um eras	us/a/um eris
	tur	batur	bitur	us/a/um est	us/a/um erat	us/a/um erit
	mur	bamur	bimur	i/ae/a sumus	i/ae/a eramus	i/ae/a erimus
	mini	bamini	bimini	i/ae/a estis	i/ae/a eratis	i/ae/a eritis
	ntur	bantur	buntur	i/ae/a sunt	i/ae/a erant	i/ae/a erunt

ver —> r / er
vis —> s
ivi —> ii

Verb conjugations

conjugation					active	subjunctive
1st	laudo	laudare	laudavi	laudatus, tum, ta	are	e      WE
2nd	moneo	monere	monui	monitus	ere	ea    FEAR
3rd	duco	ducere	duxi	ductus	ere	a      A
3rd	capio	capere	cepi	captus	ere	ia    LIAR
4th	audio	audire	audivi	auditus	ire	ia    LIAR

Verb conjugations || m or o, s, t, mus, tis, nt; i, isti, it, imus, istis, erunt [ere]; r, ris, tur, mur, mini, ntur

	conjugation		present	imperfect	future	perfect	pluperfect	future perfect
active	1st  are	amo	-a-: amat	-aba-	-abo, -abi-, -abu-	3pp -i-, -erunt [-ere]	3pp -era-	3pp -ero, -eri-
	2nd ere	moneo	-e-: monet	-eba-	-ebo, -ebi-, -ebu-	–vi–
	3rd ere	duco	-i-, -u-: ducit	-eba-	-am, -e- (bi)	–ve–
	3rd ere	incipio	-i-, -iu-: incipit	-ieba-	-iam,-ie- (bi)
	4th ire	audio	-i-, -iu-: audit	-ieba-	-iam,-ie- (bi)
passive	1st are	amor	-a-	-aba-	-abor,-aberis, -abi-, -abu-	4pp sum/es/est	4pp eram/eras/erat	4pp ero/eris/erit
	2nd ere	moneor	-e-	-eba-	-ebor,-eberis, -ebi-, -ebu-
	3rd ere	ducor	-eris, -i-, -u-	-eba-	-ar, -e- (bi)
	3rd ere	incipior	-eris, -i-, -iu-	-ieba-	-iar, -ie- (bi)
	4th ire	audior	-i-, -iu-	-ieba-	-iar, -ie- (bi)

Imperative		praise! (2s)	be praised! (2s)	praise! (2p)	be praised! (2p)
laudo	I praise	lauda	laudare	laudate	laudamini
moneo	I warn	mone	monere	monete	monemini
duco	I lead	duce / duc	ducere	ducite	ducimini
capio	I take	cape	capere	capite	capimini
audio	I hear	audi	audire	audite	audimini

---

Infinitive

	active		passive
present	2pp	laudare; monere; ducere; capere; audire || to praise	2pp ends with ī	laudari; moneri; duci;     capi;   audiri ||to be praised
Perfect	3pp -ī + isse	laudavisse, monuisse, duxisse,   cepisse, audivisse||to have praised	4pp +(us, a, um, i, ae, a) (participle) [esse]	laudatus, a, um esse; monitus,a, um esse; ductus, a, um esse; captus, a, um esse; auditus, a, um esse || to have been praised
Future	4pp +ur +(us, a, um, i, ae, a) (participle) [esse]	laudaturus, a, um esse; moniturus, a, um esse; ducturus,a, um esse; capturus, a, um esse; auditurus, a, um esse ||to be about to praise; will praise	accusative supine[4pp+um] +īrī	laudatum iri; monitum iri; auditum iri; captum iri; actum iri||will be led

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Participle (verbal adj, (substantive) noun, adv. phrase)
closely associate with noun.

	Active	Passive
present	2pp-re +ns, -nt-  [3rd declension]  doing amans: loving amantis: of loving amanti: for/to loving amantem: loving amante: with/by loving	——
perfect	——	4th pp +(us, a, um; i, ae, a) [1st & 2nd declension] having been done  (having did)

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The nominative case of the future participles acts as verbs when it is used as periphrastic with esse. 

future

4th pp +ur +(us, a, um; i, ae, a) [esse: active periphrastic]  [1st & 2nd declension]  amaturus sum. I am about to love. [likelihood or purpose]

2pp-re +nd +(us, a, um; i, ae, a)  [1st & 2nd declension] amandus est. He is having to be loved. He must be loved. [must / should be done/having to be done] Hic liber mihi legendus erit. (dat.: by me)

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The other cases of the future particles act as normal adj (the gerundive) or noun (gerunds).

gerundive	gerunds
verbal adj	verbal substantive neuter singular active noun
future passive participle, other than nom. case.	future passive neuter participle, other than nom. case.
amandus est: He must be loved.	amare: to love; loving [amare est bonum. Loving is good]
amandi/amandorum: to-be-loved, of loving(s)	amandi: of loving
amando/amandis: to-be-loved, for/to loving(s)	amando: for/to loving
ad amandum / amandum causa: to-be-loved, to love	ad amandum: to love (purpose)
amando/amandis: to-be-loved, with/by loving(s)	amando: with/by loving

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ESSE: sum, esse, fui, —

esse	present	imperfect	future	perfect	pluperfect	Future Perfect
active	Sum	Eram	Ero	Fui	Fueram	Fuero
	Es	Eras	Eris	Fuisti	Fueras	Fueris
	Est	Erat	Erit	Fuit	Fuerat	Fuerit
	Sumus	Eramus	Erimus	Fuimus	Fueramus	Fuerimus
	Estis	Eratis	Eritis	Fuistis	Fueratis	Fueritis
	Sunt	Erant	Erunt	Fuerunt	Fuerant	Fuerint
subjunctive	Sim	Essem		Fuerim	Fuissem
	Sis	Esses		Fueris	Fuisses
	Sit	Esset		Fuerit	Fuisset
	Simus	Essemus		Fuerimus	Fuissemus
	Sitis	Essetis		Fueritis	Fuissetis
	Sint	Essent		Fuerint	Fuissent
	Imperative		Infinitive	Participle		Gerund
Present Singular	Es	Present	Esse	Ens	Genitive
Plural	Este	Perfect	Fuisse		Dative
		Future	Futurus Esse	Futurus	Accusative
					Ablative

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Possum, Posse, Potui +infinitive

	present	imperfect	future	perfect	pluperfect	Future Perfect
active	Possum	Poteram	Potero	Potui	Potueram	Potuero
	Potes	Poteras	Poteris	Potuisti	Potueras	Potueris
	Potest	Poterat	Poterit	Potuit	Potuerat	Potuerit
	Possumus	Poteramus	Poterimus	Potuimus	Potueramus	Potuerimus
	Potestis	Poteratis	Poteritis	Potuistis	Potueratis	Potueritis
	Possunt	Poterant	Poterunt	Potuerunt	Potuerant	Potuerint
subjunctive	Possim	Possem		Potuerim	Potuissem
	Possis	Posses		Potueris	Potuisses
	Possit	Posset		Potuerit	Potuisset
	Possimus	Possemus		Potuerimus	Potuissemus
	Possitis	Possetis		Potueritis	Potuissetis
	Possint	Possent		Potuerint	Potuissent
	Imperative		Infinitive	Participle		Gerund
Present Singular	Pos	Present	Posse	Potens	Genitive
Plural	Poste	Perfect	Potuisse		Dative
		Future			Accusative
					Ablative

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Eo, Ire, Ii, Itus

	present	imperfect	future	perfect	pluperfect	Future Perfect
active	Eo	Ibam	Ibo	Ii	Ieram	Iero
	Is	Ibas	Ibis	Iisti	Ieras	Ieris
	It	Ibat	Ibit	Iit	Ierat	Ierit
	Imus	Ibamus	Ibimus	Iimus	Ieramus	Ierimus
	Itis	Ibatis	Ibitis	Iistis	Ieratis	Ieritis
	Eunt	Ibant	Ibunt	Ierunt	Ierant	Ierint
subjunctive	Eam	Irem		Ierim	Issem
	Eas	Ires		Ieris	Isses
	Eat	Iret		Ierit	Isset
	Eamus	Iremus		Ierimus	Issemus
	Eatis	Iretis		Ieritis	Issetis
	Eant	Irent		Ierint	Issent
	Imperative		Infinitive	Participle		Gerund
Present Singular	I	Present	Ire	Iens (Euntis)	Genitive
Plural	Ite	Perfect	Isse		Dative
		Future	Iturus Esse	Iturus	Accusative
					Ablative

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Volo, Velle, Volui

	present	imperfect	future	perfect	pluperfect	Future Perfect
active	Volo	Volebam	Volam	Volui	Volueram	Voluero
	Vis	Volebas	Voles	Voluisti	Volueras	Volueris
	Vult	Volebat	Volet	Voluit	Voluerat	Voluerit
	Volumus	Volebamus	Volemus	Voluimus	Volueramus	Voluerimus
	Vultis	Volebatis	Voletis	Voluistis	Volueratis	Volueritis
	Volunt	Volebant	Volent	Voluerunt (Voluere)	Voluerant	Voluerint
subjunctive	Velim	Vellem		Voluerim	Voluissem
	Velis	Velles		Volueris	Voluisses
	Velit	Vellet		Voluerit	Voluisset
	Velimus	Vellemus		Voluerimus	Voluissemus
	Velitis	Velletis		Volueritis	Voluissetis
	Velint	Vellent		Voluerint	Voluissent
	Imperative		Infinitive	Participle		Gerund
Present Singular		Present	Velle	Volens	Genitive
Plural		Perfect	Voluisse		Dative
		Future			Accusative
					Ablative

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Supine: verbal noun;
translated like an infinitive; 4pp + um / u
acc.: 4pp + um
Purpose; with verbs of motion;
Venerunt visum. They came to see.
abl.: 4pp + u
used with adjectives and sometimes verbs
mirabile dictu: amazing to say
facile factu: easy to do

paro	parare	paravi	paratus	acc.: paratum
prepare				abl.: paratu
habeo	habere	habui	habitus	habitum
have				habitu
capio	capere	cepi	captus	captum
take hold				captu
audio	audire	audivi	auditus	auditum
				auditu