Clauses

latin-clause-2-1

1. adjectival clause, p. 84 3

2. adverbial clause, p. 68 4

2a. Concessive clause 让步从句 4

2b. Conditional clause 4

Unattainable Wishes: contrafactual conditional clause 5

2c Temporal Clause 5

2d Donec and dum clauses 5

2e Purpose: 5

2f. Result Clauses 7

2g Causal Clause 7

2h adverbial accusative 7

3. substantive clause, p. 68 8

3a subject: 8

3b object clause 8

3c Substantive clause of result, p. 197 8

a. cum clauses 9

c. ut clause 9

d. ubi clause 10

e. indirect command 10

f. Subjunctive Clause (p. 163-164) subjunctive 10

f. 1. Subjunctive main: 10

f.2. Subjunctive Clause: 10

f.3. / 2f. Result Clauses 11

f.4. indirect question 11

f.6. / 2b2. subjunctive  Conditional Clause 12

f.7. Indirect Command 12

f.8 / 1c characterizing relative p. 197 13

f.9. Clause of Fearing 13

Clause

1. adjectival clause, p. 84

1a. Relatival Pronoun (p. 84)

Deus, quem in psalmis laudamus, est bonus.

God, whom we praise in psalms, is good.

Beati, qui in via Domini ambulant.

[Those] who walk in the way of the Lord [are] blessed.

quicumque, quaecumque, quodcumque: whichever, whoever, whatever

quocum: with whom

quibuscum: with whom

Qui quoniam …: And because they …

quem propter: on account of which/whom

1b. Conditional Relative Clause (p. 276)

Qui vicinum diligit, me diligit.

He who loves his neighbor, loves me.

Quocumque ieris, sequar.

Wherever you go, I will follow.

1c characterizing relative p. 197

subjunctive

泛指的、不确定的、疑问性的、或否定性的

est qui: there is one who …

quis est qui: who is there who …

nemo est qui: there is no one who …

est dignus/indignus qui: there is one who is worthy to …

Paulus est qui in viis Domini ambulat.

Paul is who walks in the ways of the Lord.

Paulus est qui in viis Domini ambulet. (subj.)

Paul is (the sort) who would walk in the ways of the Lord.

Petrus erat dignus qui apostolos duceret.

Peter was (the sort) worthy to lead the apostles.

1d Connective Relative p. 84

Discipuli in domum veniebant. Qui cum laetitia Jesum audiebant.

The disciples were coming into the house. And they were gladly listening to Jesus.

1e / 2e2. relative: adjectival clause

qui, quae, quod: who, in order that, to,

ubi: where, in order that, to

in order that … may (might)

Paulus quattuor diaconos misit, qui Petrum viderent.

Paul sent the four deacons who might see Peter.

1f / 2f2. Relative:

qui, quae, quod

Deus mundum sic dilexit, qui Filium mitteret.

God so loved the world that he sent his Son.

2. adverbial clause, p. 68

temporal, concessive, conditional, and causal clauses

2a. Concessive clause 让步从句

etsi: although, even if;

licet: although

quamquam: although

quum: although

cum:  subjunctive

Cum viri male haberent, laborare (tamen)non desierunt.

Although the men were sick, (nevertheless) they did not stop working.

2b. Conditional clause

2b1. simple

2b1.1. present

si: if

nisi: if not = si … non

Si Dominum invocamus, nos audit.

If we call upon the Lord, He hears us.

Si abit … If he leaves …

Si abibat … If he was leaving …

Si abiit … If he left …

Si abierat … If he had left …

Quicumque abiit … Whoever left …

2b1.2. past

2b1.3. future [more vivid]

more certain, or command

if … does, (then) will do.

indicative tense: future or the future-perfect tense

Si Petrus venerit, cum Paulo cenet!

If Peter will come, let him dine with Paul!

2b2. subjunctive

2b2.1. future [less vivid]

present subjunctive

if … then should/would do(then) … does / would do ….

Si Petrus domum intret, fratres orantes videat.

If Peter should enter the house, he would see his brothers praying.

2b3 Present Contrafactual Conditional Clause p. 204

imperfect subjunctive

Si Paulus esset hic, felices essemus.

If Paul were/would be here, we would be happy.

2b4 Past Contrafactual Conditional Clause p. 214

had …, would have …

pluperfect subjunctive

Si Paulus fuisset hic, felices fuissemus.

If Paul had been here, we would have been happy.

imperfect subjunctive

Nisi Filius Dei in mundum missus esset, salvi non facti.

If the Son of God had not been sent into the world, (we) would not have been saved.

Unattainable Wishes: contrafactual conditional clause

utinam: Would that … were or I wish that … were

Sed utinam vicissim audirent adversarii, querelas ecclesiarum et piarum mentium!

But would that again the opponents might hear the complaints of churches and of the pious minds. (BOC p. 442)

2c Temporal Clause

priusquam, antequam: before

cum, ubi, ut: when;

cum: after;

cum: when

donec: while, as long as, until

dum: while, as long as, until

postquam: after

quando, simul atque (ac), simulac, simulatque: as soon as,

ubi: as soon as,

ut: as

2d Donec and dum clauses

Contemporaneity: 同时间

expectancy: 期盼

Donec (dum) Paulus rediit, fratres erant maesti.

Until Paul returned, his brothers were sad.

Donec (dum) vita est, spes est.

As long as there is life, there is hope.

2e Purpose:

subjunctive

2e1. adverbial (most)

ut: in order that … may (might)

ne: in order that … may (might) not   

Paulus in domum intrat ut Petrum videat.

Paul enters the house in order that he may see Peter.

Jesus in domum intravit ne a turba videatur.

Jesus has entered the house in order that he may not be seen by the crowd.

1e / 2e2. relative: adjectival clause

qui, quae, quod: who, in order that, to,

ubi: where, in order that, to

in order that … may (might)

Paulus quattuor diaconos misit, qui Petrum viderent.

Paul sent the four deacons who might see Peter.

2e4. Ablative Absolute

with sth. done,…

other purpose expressions:

a. in or ad + acc.

In remissionem peccatorum.

For (the purpose of) the remission of sins.

[in + abl.: in]

Ad majorem Dei gloriam.

For the greater glory of God

b. Gerund or Gerundive: ad + acc. or causa + gen.

ad infirmos sanandos: to heal the sick

ad infirmos sanandum: to heal the sick

infirmos sanandi causa: to heal the sick (for the sake of the sick to-be-healed)

c. Infinitive of Purpose

Paulus Romam venit Petrum videre.

Paul came to Rome to see Peter.

d. pesent or future participles (adv. phrase: translated as clause)

Vir venit audiens de Jesu.

The man came to hear about Jesus. (The man came hearing about Jesus)

Visurus Petrum, in domum introivit.

He entered the house to see Peter. (Abut to see Peter, he entered in the house.)

e. dative or double dative: for the purpose to somebody

Hic odio me habet.

This man holds me for the purpose of hatred. (This man hates me.)

Hic odio mihi habet.

This man holds to me for the hatred. (This man hates me.)

2f. Result Clauses

Result: Tanta fecit ut urbem servaret. [He did so great that he saved the city.]

Purpose: Haec fecit ut urbem servaret. [He did this in order that he might save the city.

subjunctive

talis, tale: such, of such a sort

tantus, tantua, tantum: so, so great

 

adv

adj

verb

ita

P

P

P

sic

   

P

tam

P

P

 

ita: so thus, in this way (修饰:advadjverb

sic: so, thus (修饰:verb

tam: so to such a degree (修饰:advadj

2f1. Adverbial: ut

Deus mundum sic dilexit, ut Filium nobis daret.

God so loved the world that he gave us his Son.

1f / 2f2. Relative: qui, quae, quod

Deus mundum sic dilexit, qui Filium mitteret.

God so loved the world that he sent his Son.

2f3 Notes:

1. facere, efficere, or the like: see to it, bring it about

Deus effecit ut hebraei mare transirent.

God saw to it (brought it about) that the Hebrews crossed the sea.

2. volo:

Vultis respondeam?

Do you wish that I answer?

2g Causal Clause

quia, quod, quoniam, quando: because

Dominum laudamus, quia (quod, quoniam) sanctus est.

We praise the Lord, because He is holy.

cum: since subjunctive 

2h adverbial accusative

[ut] quid: as to what, why

nihil: as to nothing, not at all

quod si: as to which if, but if

quod nisi: as to which unless, but unless

omnia: as to all things, in all respects

Quid in civitatem inierunt?

Why did they go into the city?

Illi legem nihil faciunt.

Those poeple do not keep the law at all.

Quod si Patrem invocaveritis, vos audiet.

But if you call upon the Father, he will hear you.

Semper gaudeo, quoniam omnia fideles remanetis.

Always I rejoice because in all respects you may remain faithful.

3. substantive clause, p. 68

noun clause: nominative or accusative clause

3a subject:

impersonal clause

auditur: it is heard

contigit: It happened

convenit: it is fitting

decet: it is proper

dicitur: it is said

licet: it is permitted

paenitet: it is sorry

piget: it is dislike

placet: it is pleasing

videtur: it seems good

oportet: it is proper

necesse est: it is necessary

cenatum est: it was dined = there was dining

ventum est: it was come = there was coming

factum est: it happened that, it came to pass that

Factum est autem cum haec diceret, …

And it happened that when he was saying these things, …

3b object clause

indirect statement

3c Substantive clause of result, p. 197

facere, efficere: see to it, bring it about

Deus effecit ut Hebraei mare transirent.

God saw to it (brought it about) that the Hebews crossed the sea.

Et si quid faceremus, tamen sentiendum est, quod non propter illa opera, sed propter Christum mediatorem et propitiatorem consequimur remissionem peccatorum.

And if we had done anything, evertheless it must be perceived that we obtain remission of sins not because of that works, but because of Christ the mediator and propitatior.

a. cum clauses

a.0. + abl. or. pron.: with

a.1. temporal

when

Cum Jesus surrexit, apostoli erant laeti.

When Jesus resurrected, the apostles were joyful.

a.2. temporal-circumstantial (状态从句): subjunctive

when

Cum Jesus turbam doceret, quidam eum accessit.

(Under the circumstances) when Jesus was teaching the crowd, a certain man approached him.

a.3. Causal: 原因 subjunctive

since

Cum vir esset felix, prae gaudio clamavit.

Since the man was happy, he shouted for joy.

a.4. concessive: subjunctive

although

Cum viri male haberent, laborare (tamen) non desierunt.

Although the men were sick, (nevertheless) they did not stop working.

a.5. cum … tum …: not only …. but also …

Cum ad illum locum venerant, tum amicos contulerant.

Not only had they come to that place, but they had also brought their friends.

OR

When they had come to that place, they had brought their friends.

c. ut clause

c.1. Temporal: as, when

c.2. Purpose: subjunctive in order that

Purpose: Haec fecit ut urbem servaret. [He did this in order that he might save the city.

c.3. Result: subjunctive that

Result: Tanta fecit ut urbem servaret. [He did so great that he saved the city.]

c.4. indirect command: subjunctive  that

Imperat vobis ut hoc faciatis. He commands you to do this.

c.5. Fearing:  subjunctive lest, that not

Paulus timuit ut Corinthii essent fideles. (ut: negative)

Paul feared that the Corinthians were not being faithful.

d. ubi clause

d.1. Temporal: as soon as

d.2. Relative adj:  where, in order that, to

e. indirect command

after asking or ordering verbs

e.1. present or imperfect subjunctive

Deprecemur Deum ut peccata nostra nobis dimittat.

Let us beseech God to forgive us our sins.

Deum oramus ne deficiamus.

We pray God that we not fail.

e.2. accusative + inf.

double accusative

Diaconus jussit populum orare.

The deacon bade the people to pray.

f. Subjunctive Clause (p. 163-164) subjunctive

by ut or utinam

否定式: ne or non

f. 1. Subjunctive main:

主要(通常是唯一的)动词是Subjunctive

Jussive 祈愿 (to order, to ask)

Order: you should do

Semper speres.

You should always hope.

Ask: Let us …, Let him …

Ne id faciamus.

Let us not do this.

Doceamus magna cum delectatione linguam Latinam.

Let us teach the Latin language with great delight.

f.2. Subjunctive Clause:

f.2.1 / 2e Purpose:

2e1. adverbial (most)

ut: in order that … may (might)

ne: in order that … may (might) not   

Paulus in domum intrat ut Petrum videat.

Paul enters the house in order that he may see Peter.

Jesus in domum intravit ne a turba videatur.

Jesus has entered the house in order that he may not be seen by the crowd.

1e / 2e2. relative: adjectival clause

qui, quae, quod: who, in order that, to,

ubi: where, in order that, to

in order that … may (might)

Paulus quattuor diaconos misit, qui Petrum viderent.

Paul sent the four deacons who might see Peter.

f.3. / 2f. Result Clauses

Result: Tanta fecit ut urbem servaret. [He did so great that he saved the city.]

Purpose: Haec fecit ut urbem servaret. [He did this in order that he might save the city.

talis, tale: such, of such a sort

tantus, tantua, tantum: so, so great

 

adv

adj

verb

ita

P

P

P

sic

   

P

tam

P

P

 

ita: so thus, in this way (修饰:advadjverb

sic: so, thus (修饰:verb

tam: so to such a degree (修饰:advadj

f.3.1./ 2f1. Adverbial: ut

Deus mundum sic dilexit, ut Filium nobis daret.

God so loved the world that he gave us his Son.

f.3.2. / 1f / 2f2. Relative: qui, quae, quod

Deus mundum sic dilexit, qui Filium mitteret.

God so loved the world that he sent his Son.

f.4. indirect question

use Subjunctive clause as indirect question. Don’t need to translate as “may” or “might”.

Direct Question:   Quid Gaius facit? What is Gaius doing?

Indirect Question: Rogant quid Gaius faciat? They ask what Gaius is doing.

main verb

subj. clause

timing of clause verb

present or future

periphrastic (fut. part + esse (present. subj.))

在主动词之后

 

present subj.

在主动词同时或之后

 

perf. subj.

在主动词之前发生的

perf. or impf.

periphrastic (fut. impf. + esse (impf. subj.))

在主动词之后

 

impf. subj.

在主动词同时或之后

 

pluperfect subj.

在主动词之前发生的

f.5. Proviso Clause (附带条件从句)

Palam beatus es, dummodo probitatis et obedientiae virtutem constanter retineas. (BOC p. 622)

Plainly you are blessed, provided that you may hold firmly the virtue of uprightness and obedience.

f.6. / 2b2. subjunctive  Conditional Clause

f.6.1./ 2b2.1. future [less vivid]

present subjunctive

if … then should/would do(then) … does / would do ….

Si Petrus domum intret, fratres orantes videat.

If Peter should enter the house, he would see his brothers praying.

f.6.2./ 2b3 Present Contrafactual Conditional Clause p. 204

imperfect subjunctive

Si Paulus esset hic, felices essemus.

If Paul were/would be here, we would be happy.

f.6.3. / 2b4 Past Contrafactual Conditional Clause p. 214

had …, would have …

pluperfect subjunctive

Si Paulus fuisset hic, felices fuissemus.

If Paul had been here, we would have been happy.

imperfect subjunctive

Nisi Filius Dei in mundum missus esset, salvi non facti.

If the Son of God had not been sent into the world, (we) would not have been saved.

f.7. Indirect Command

Jussive noun clause

Don’t translate as may or might.

Hoc facite. Do this

Imperat vobis ut hoc faciatis. He commands you to do this.

Hortor eum ut … I urge him to do …

Impero ei ut … I order him to do …

Moneo eum ut … I advise him to do …

Oro eam ut … I beg her to do …

Persuadeo ei ut … I persude him to do …

Peto ab eo ut … I beg from him to …

Quaero ab ea ut … I request (from/of) her to …

Rogo eum ut … I ask him to …

Malo ut … I prefer that …

f.8 / 1c characterizing relative p. 197

subjunctive

泛指的、不确定的、疑问性的、或否定性的

est qui: there is one who …

quis est qui: who is there who …

nemo est qui: there is no one who …

est dignus/indignus qui: there is one who is worthy to …

Paulus est qui in viis Domini ambulat.

Paul is who walks in the ways of the Lord.

Paulus est qui in viis Domini ambulet. (subj.)

Paul is (the sort) who would walk in the ways of the Lord.

Petrus erat dignus qui apostolos duceret.

Peter was (the sort) worthy to lead the apostles.

f.9. Clause of Fearing

subjunctive

Paulus timet ne Romani Petrum interfecturi sint. (ne: affirmative)

Paul fears that the Romans are going to kill Peter.

Paulus timuit ut Corinthii essent fideles. (ut: negative)

Paul feared that the Corinthians were not being faithful.

Quidem … vero/autem: on the one hand … on the other hand

Et multae in ecclesia haereses ortae sunt tantum odio doctorum. Itaque non de propriis delictis, sed de alienis loquitur, quum ait: Dilectio tegit delicta, videlicet aliena, et quidem inter homines, id est, etiamsi quae offensiones incidunt, tamen dilectio dissimulat, ignoscit, cedit, non agit omnia summo iure. (BOC p. 186)