Clauses
1. adjectival clause, p. 84 3
2. adverbial clause, p. 68 4
2a. Concessive clause 让步从句 4
2b. Conditional clause 4
Unattainable Wishes: contrafactual conditional clause 5
2c Temporal Clause 5
2d Donec and dum clauses 5
2e Purpose: 5
2f. Result Clauses 7
2g Causal Clause 7
2h adverbial accusative 7
3. substantive clause, p. 68 8
3a subject: 8
3b object clause 8
3c Substantive clause of result, p. 197 8
a. cum clauses 9
c. ut clause 9
d. ubi clause 10
e. indirect command 10
f. Subjunctive Clause (p. 163-164) subjunctive 10
f. 1. Subjunctive main: 10
f.2. Subjunctive Clause: 10
f.3. / 2f. Result Clauses 11
f.4. indirect question 11
f.6. / 2b2. subjunctive Conditional Clause 12
f.7. Indirect Command 12
f.8 / 1c characterizing relative p. 197 13
f.9. Clause of Fearing 13
Clause
1. adjectival clause, p. 84
1a. Relatival Pronoun (p. 84)
Deus, quem in psalmis laudamus, est bonus.
God, whom we praise in psalms, is good.
Beati, qui in via Domini ambulant.
[Those] who walk in the way of the Lord [are] blessed.
quicumque, quaecumque, quodcumque: whichever, whoever, whatever
quocum: with whom
quibuscum: with whom
Qui quoniam …: And because they …
quem propter: on account of which/whom
1b. Conditional Relative Clause (p. 276)
Qui vicinum diligit, me diligit.
He who loves his neighbor, loves me.
Quocumque ieris, sequar.
Wherever you go, I will follow.
1c characterizing relative p. 197
subjunctive
泛指的、不确定的、疑问性的、或否定性的
est qui: there is one who …
quis est qui: who is there who …
nemo est qui: there is no one who …
est dignus/indignus qui: there is one who is worthy to …
Paulus est qui in viis Domini ambulat.
Paul is who walks in the ways of the Lord.
Paulus est qui in viis Domini ambulet. (subj.)
Paul is (the sort) who would walk in the ways of the Lord.
Petrus erat dignus qui apostolos duceret.
Peter was (the sort) worthy to lead the apostles.
1d Connective Relative p. 84
Discipuli in domum veniebant. Qui cum laetitia Jesum audiebant.
The disciples were coming into the house. And they were gladly listening to Jesus.
1e / 2e2. relative: adjectival clause
qui, quae, quod: who, in order that, to,
ubi: where, in order that, to
in order that … may (might)
Paulus quattuor diaconos misit, qui Petrum viderent.
Paul sent the four deacons who might see Peter.
1f / 2f2. Relative:
qui, quae, quod
Deus mundum sic dilexit, qui Filium mitteret.
God so loved the world that he sent his Son.
2. adverbial clause, p. 68
temporal, concessive, conditional, and causal clauses
2a. Concessive clause 让步从句
etsi: although, even if;
licet: although
quamquam: although
quum: although
cum: subjunctive
Cum viri male haberent, laborare (tamen)non desierunt.
Although the men were sick, (nevertheless) they did not stop working.
2b. Conditional clause
2b1. simple
2b1.1. present
si: if
nisi: if not = si … non
Si Dominum invocamus, nos audit.
If we call upon the Lord, He hears us.
Si abit … If he leaves …
Si abibat … If he was leaving …
Si abiit … If he left …
Si abierat … If he had left …
Quicumque abiit … Whoever left …
2b1.2. past
2b1.3. future [more vivid]
more certain, or command
if … does, (then) will do.
indicative tense: future or the future-perfect tense
Si Petrus venerit, cum Paulo cenet!
If Peter will come, let him dine with Paul!
2b2. subjunctive
2b2.1. future [less vivid]
present subjunctive
if … then should/would do,(then) … does / would do ….
Si Petrus domum intret, fratres orantes videat.
If Peter should enter the house, he would see his brothers praying.
2b3 Present Contrafactual Conditional Clause p. 204
imperfect subjunctive
Si Paulus esset hic, felices essemus.
If Paul were/would be here, we would be happy.
2b4 Past Contrafactual Conditional Clause p. 214
had …, would have …
pluperfect subjunctive
Si Paulus fuisset hic, felices fuissemus.
If Paul had been here, we would have been happy.
imperfect subjunctive
Nisi Filius Dei in mundum missus esset, salvi non facti.
If the Son of God had not been sent into the world, (we) would not have been saved.
Unattainable Wishes: contrafactual conditional clause
utinam: Would that … were or I wish that … were
Sed utinam vicissim audirent adversarii, querelas ecclesiarum et piarum mentium!
But would that again the opponents might hear the complaints of churches and of the pious minds. (BOC p. 442)
2c Temporal Clause
priusquam, antequam: before
cum, ubi, ut: when;
cum: after;
cum: when
donec: while, as long as, until
dum: while, as long as, until
postquam: after
quando, simul atque (ac), simulac, simulatque: as soon as,
ubi: as soon as,
ut: as
2d Donec and dum clauses
Contemporaneity: 同时间
expectancy: 期盼
Donec (dum) Paulus rediit, fratres erant maesti.
Until Paul returned, his brothers were sad.
Donec (dum) vita est, spes est.
As long as there is life, there is hope.
2e Purpose:
subjunctive
2e1. adverbial (most)
ut: in order that … may (might)
ne: in order that … may (might) not
Paulus in domum intrat ut Petrum videat.
Paul enters the house in order that he may see Peter.
Jesus in domum intravit ne a turba videatur.
Jesus has entered the house in order that he may not be seen by the crowd.
1e / 2e2. relative: adjectival clause
qui, quae, quod: who, in order that, to,
ubi: where, in order that, to
in order that … may (might)
Paulus quattuor diaconos misit, qui Petrum viderent.
Paul sent the four deacons who might see Peter.
2e4. Ablative Absolute
with sth. done,…
other purpose expressions:
a. in or ad + acc.
In remissionem peccatorum.
For (the purpose of) the remission of sins.
[in + abl.: in]
Ad majorem Dei gloriam.
For the greater glory of God
b. Gerund or Gerundive: ad + acc. or causa + gen.
ad infirmos sanandos: to heal the sick
ad infirmos sanandum: to heal the sick
infirmos sanandi causa: to heal the sick (for the sake of the sick to-be-healed)
c. Infinitive of Purpose
Paulus Romam venit Petrum videre.
Paul came to Rome to see Peter.
d. pesent or future participles (adv. phrase: translated as clause)
Vir venit audiens de Jesu.
The man came to hear about Jesus. (The man came hearing about Jesus)
Visurus Petrum, in domum introivit.
He entered the house to see Peter. (Abut to see Peter, he entered in the house.)
e. dative or double dative: for the purpose to somebody
Hic odio me habet.
This man holds me for the purpose of hatred. (This man hates me.)
Hic odio mihi habet.
This man holds to me for the hatred. (This man hates me.)
2f. Result Clauses
Result: Tanta fecit ut urbem servaret. [He did so great that he saved the city.]
Purpose: Haec fecit ut urbem servaret. [He did this in order that he might save the city.
subjunctive
talis, tale: such, of such a sort
tantus, tantua, tantum: so, so great
adv |
adj |
verb |
|
ita |
P |
P |
P |
sic |
P |
||
tam |
P |
P |
ita: so thus, in this way (修饰:adv、adj、verb)
sic: so, thus (修饰:verb)
tam: so to such a degree (修饰:adv、adj)
2f1. Adverbial: ut
Deus mundum sic dilexit, ut Filium nobis daret.
God so loved the world that he gave us his Son.
1f / 2f2. Relative: qui, quae, quod
Deus mundum sic dilexit, qui Filium mitteret.
God so loved the world that he sent his Son.
2f3 Notes:
1. facere, efficere, or the like: see to it, bring it about
Deus effecit ut hebraei mare transirent.
God saw to it (brought it about) that the Hebrews crossed the sea.
2. volo:
Vultis respondeam?
Do you wish that I answer?
2g Causal Clause
quia, quod, quoniam, quando: because
Dominum laudamus, quia (quod, quoniam) sanctus est.
We praise the Lord, because He is holy.
cum: since subjunctive
2h adverbial accusative
[ut] quid: as to what, why
nihil: as to nothing, not at all
quod si: as to which if, but if
quod nisi: as to which unless, but unless
omnia: as to all things, in all respects
Quid in civitatem inierunt?
Why did they go into the city?
Illi legem nihil faciunt.
Those poeple do not keep the law at all.
Quod si Patrem invocaveritis, vos audiet.
But if you call upon the Father, he will hear you.
Semper gaudeo, quoniam omnia fideles remanetis.
Always I rejoice because in all respects you may remain faithful.
3. substantive clause, p. 68
noun clause: nominative or accusative clause
3a subject:
impersonal clause
auditur: it is heard
contigit: It happened
convenit: it is fitting
decet: it is proper
dicitur: it is said
licet: it is permitted
paenitet: it is sorry
piget: it is dislike
placet: it is pleasing
videtur: it seems good
oportet: it is proper
necesse est: it is necessary
cenatum est: it was dined = there was dining
ventum est: it was come = there was coming
factum est: it happened that, it came to pass that
Factum est autem cum haec diceret, …
And it happened that when he was saying these things, …
3b object clause
indirect statement
3c Substantive clause of result, p. 197
facere, efficere: see to it, bring it about
Deus effecit ut Hebraei mare transirent.
God saw to it (brought it about) that the Hebews crossed the sea.
Et si quid faceremus, tamen sentiendum est, quod non propter illa opera, sed propter Christum mediatorem et propitiatorem consequimur remissionem peccatorum.
And if we had done anything, evertheless it must be perceived that we obtain remission of sins not because of that works, but because of Christ the mediator and propitatior.
a. cum clauses
a.0. + abl. or. pron.: with
a.1. temporal
when
Cum Jesus surrexit, apostoli erant laeti.
When Jesus resurrected, the apostles were joyful.
a.2. temporal-circumstantial (状态从句): subjunctive
when
Cum Jesus turbam doceret, quidam eum accessit.
(Under the circumstances) when Jesus was teaching the crowd, a certain man approached him.
a.3. Causal: 原因 subjunctive
since
Cum vir esset felix, prae gaudio clamavit.
Since the man was happy, he shouted for joy.
a.4. concessive: subjunctive
although
Cum viri male haberent, laborare (tamen) non desierunt.
Although the men were sick, (nevertheless) they did not stop working.
a.5. cum … tum …: not only …. but also …
Cum ad illum locum venerant, tum amicos contulerant.
Not only had they come to that place, but they had also brought their friends.
OR
When they had come to that place, they had brought their friends.
c. ut clause
c.1. Temporal: as, when
c.2. Purpose: subjunctive in order that
Purpose: Haec fecit ut urbem servaret. [He did this in order that he might save the city.
c.3. Result: subjunctive that
Result: Tanta fecit ut urbem servaret. [He did so great that he saved the city.]
c.4. indirect command: subjunctive that
Imperat vobis ut hoc faciatis. He commands you to do this.
c.5. Fearing: subjunctive lest, that not
Paulus timuit ut Corinthii essent fideles. (ut: negative)
Paul feared that the Corinthians were not being faithful.
d. ubi clause
d.1. Temporal: as soon as
d.2. Relative adj: where, in order that, to
e. indirect command
after asking or ordering verbs
e.1. present or imperfect subjunctive
Deprecemur Deum ut peccata nostra nobis dimittat.
Let us beseech God to forgive us our sins.
Deum oramus ne deficiamus.
We pray God that we not fail.
e.2. accusative + inf.
double accusative
Diaconus jussit populum orare.
The deacon bade the people to pray.
f. Subjunctive Clause (p. 163-164) subjunctive
by ut or utinam
否定式: ne or non
f. 1. Subjunctive main:
主要(通常是唯一的)动词是Subjunctive
Jussive 祈愿 (to order, to ask)
Order: you should do
Semper speres.
You should always hope.
Ask: Let us …, Let him …
Ne id faciamus.
Let us not do this.
Doceamus magna cum delectatione linguam Latinam.
Let us teach the Latin language with great delight.
f.2. Subjunctive Clause:
f.2.1 / 2e Purpose:
2e1. adverbial (most)
ut: in order that … may (might)
ne: in order that … may (might) not
Paulus in domum intrat ut Petrum videat.
Paul enters the house in order that he may see Peter.
Jesus in domum intravit ne a turba videatur.
Jesus has entered the house in order that he may not be seen by the crowd.
1e / 2e2. relative: adjectival clause
qui, quae, quod: who, in order that, to,
ubi: where, in order that, to
in order that … may (might)
Paulus quattuor diaconos misit, qui Petrum viderent.
Paul sent the four deacons who might see Peter.
f.3. / 2f. Result Clauses
Result: Tanta fecit ut urbem servaret. [He did so great that he saved the city.]
Purpose: Haec fecit ut urbem servaret. [He did this in order that he might save the city.
talis, tale: such, of such a sort
tantus, tantua, tantum: so, so great
adv |
adj |
verb |
|
ita |
P |
P |
P |
sic |
P |
||
tam |
P |
P |
ita: so thus, in this way (修饰:adv、adj、verb)
sic: so, thus (修饰:verb)
tam: so to such a degree (修饰:adv、adj)
f.3.1./ 2f1. Adverbial: ut
Deus mundum sic dilexit, ut Filium nobis daret.
God so loved the world that he gave us his Son.
f.3.2. / 1f / 2f2. Relative: qui, quae, quod
Deus mundum sic dilexit, qui Filium mitteret.
God so loved the world that he sent his Son.
f.4. indirect question
use Subjunctive clause as indirect question. Don’t need to translate as “may” or “might”.
Direct Question: Quid Gaius facit? What is Gaius doing?
Indirect Question: Rogant quid Gaius faciat? They ask what Gaius is doing.
main verb |
subj. clause |
timing of clause verb |
present or future |
periphrastic (fut. part + esse (present. subj.)) |
在主动词之后 |
present subj. |
在主动词同时或之后 |
|
perf. subj. |
在主动词之前发生的 |
|
perf. or impf. |
periphrastic (fut. impf. + esse (impf. subj.)) |
在主动词之后 |
impf. subj. |
在主动词同时或之后 |
|
pluperfect subj. |
在主动词之前发生的 |
f.5. Proviso Clause (附带条件从句)
Palam beatus es, dummodo probitatis et obedientiae virtutem constanter retineas. (BOC p. 622)
Plainly you are blessed, provided that you may hold firmly the virtue of uprightness and obedience.
f.6. / 2b2. subjunctive Conditional Clause
f.6.1./ 2b2.1. future [less vivid]
present subjunctive
if … then should/would do,(then) … does / would do ….
Si Petrus domum intret, fratres orantes videat.
If Peter should enter the house, he would see his brothers praying.
f.6.2./ 2b3 Present Contrafactual Conditional Clause p. 204
imperfect subjunctive
Si Paulus esset hic, felices essemus.
If Paul were/would be here, we would be happy.
f.6.3. / 2b4 Past Contrafactual Conditional Clause p. 214
had …, would have …
pluperfect subjunctive
Si Paulus fuisset hic, felices fuissemus.
If Paul had been here, we would have been happy.
imperfect subjunctive
Nisi Filius Dei in mundum missus esset, salvi non facti.
If the Son of God had not been sent into the world, (we) would not have been saved.
f.7. Indirect Command
Jussive noun clause
Don’t translate as may or might.
Hoc facite. Do this
Imperat vobis ut hoc faciatis. He commands you to do this.
Hortor eum ut … I urge him to do …
Impero ei ut … I order him to do …
Moneo eum ut … I advise him to do …
Oro eam ut … I beg her to do …
Persuadeo ei ut … I persude him to do …
Peto ab eo ut … I beg from him to …
Quaero ab ea ut … I request (from/of) her to …
Rogo eum ut … I ask him to …
Malo ut … I prefer that …
f.8 / 1c characterizing relative p. 197
subjunctive
泛指的、不确定的、疑问性的、或否定性的
est qui: there is one who …
quis est qui: who is there who …
nemo est qui: there is no one who …
est dignus/indignus qui: there is one who is worthy to …
Paulus est qui in viis Domini ambulat.
Paul is who walks in the ways of the Lord.
Paulus est qui in viis Domini ambulet. (subj.)
Paul is (the sort) who would walk in the ways of the Lord.
Petrus erat dignus qui apostolos duceret.
Peter was (the sort) worthy to lead the apostles.
f.9. Clause of Fearing
subjunctive
Paulus timet ne Romani Petrum interfecturi sint. (ne: affirmative)
Paul fears that the Romans are going to kill Peter.
Paulus timuit ut Corinthii essent fideles. (ut: negative)
Paul feared that the Corinthians were not being faithful.
Quidem … vero/autem: on the one hand … on the other hand
Et multae in ecclesia haereses ortae sunt tantum odio doctorum. Itaque non de propriis delictis, sed de alienis loquitur, quum ait: Dilectio tegit delicta, videlicet aliena, et quidem inter homines, id est, etiamsi quae offensiones incidunt, tamen dilectio dissimulat, ignoscit, cedit, non agit omnia summo iure. (BOC p. 186)